Phylogenetic analysis with unambiguously optimized character changes plotted along internodes of 50% majority-rule consensus MP tree for the immature morphological dataset. Character numbers are above circles, state numbers are below circles. Black circles indicate unique synapomorphies, white circles indicate homoplasies, both are indicated by morphological illustrations of representative species including: A Atanygnathus terminalis (after Staniec 2005b); B, O Eucibdelus sp.; C, D, E, M Algon sphaericollis; F, G, K Philonthus spinipes; Q, R, S Platydracus marmorellus; P Staphylinus erythropterus (after Pietrykowska-Tudruj and Staniec 2012); L, N Philonthus punctus (after Staniec and Pietrykowska-Tudruj 2006); H, I Quedius brevicornis (after Staniec 2003); J Anaquedius vernix (after LeSage 1984).