Subfamily-level phylogeny and supporting evidence. a Phylogenetic relationships among subfamilies. Branch panels display congruence (green) and incongruence (red) across different analyses based on data matrices (matrices 1–5) and various tree construction methods. Branch labels correspond to the subfigure headings in b. The primary topology is derived from Figure 1. b Relative gene frequency for alternative topologies. Subfigure titles and x-axis labels correspond to the branch labels in a. The subfamily-level phylogeny is supported by most analyses and the new subfamily Caipirinae is sister of ((Physocyclinae subfam. nov., Modisiminae), (Arteminae, Ninetinae)), with high gene frequency supports (41%).