The Panorpa davidi group can be differentiated from other groups of Panorpa by the following features: in males, (1) flat notal organ on posterior margin of T3 covering acute postnotal organ on anterior portion of T4; (2) A6 cylindrical, lacking anal horns, mostly projected and setose on dorsal apex; (3) gonostylus with obtuse triangular median tooth and large basal cup on inner margin, (4) elongated dorsal valves of aedeagus with enlarged dorsal processes; and (5) parameres simple, unfurcated, elongated, mostly twisted and crossed mesally; in females, (6) medigynium elongated, broad, with posterior arms distinctly shorter than main plate; and (7) paired lateral basal plates mostly well-developed.

Species of the P. davidi group are distributed in the mountainous regions of China, mainly in the Hengduan, Qinling-Bashan, Dalou, Dabie and Taihang mountains (Fig. 1).

The P. davidi group was proposed by Esben-Petersen (1921) to contain P. sibirica and P. davidi. Martynova (1957) later transferred P. sibirica to the Р. communis group. According to Carpenter (1938) and Cheng (1957), this species group consisted of 19 Chinese species of Panorpa without anal horn on the posterior margin of T6 in males. Of these, Panorpa tincta Navás, 1931 was transferred to Sinopanorpa (Cai et al. 2008), and 12 species that differ remarkably from P. davidi are herein removed from this group. In this paper, 21 species are recognized in the newly defined P. davidi group, including 17 known species and four new species.

This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) occiput black, with two pale submedian stripes and two eye-shaped speckles on lateral regions; (2) wing membrane hyaline, pterostigma prominent yellow, almost without markings (Fig. 2C–D); (3) 1A ending before origin of Rs (Fig. 2C); (4) meso- and metanotum pale with yellowish brown laterally, and pale color extending to T3 in V-shape (Fig. 2C); in males, (5) inner apex of gonocoxite bearing 3–6 long black bristles; (6) parameres crossed, twisted in S-shape, reaching apex of gonocoxites; in females, (7) medigynium with main plate twice as long as wide; a pair of small lateral basal plates near middle; axis extending beyond main plate one-third its length anteriorly.

CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Lan′gao, Nangongshan; 1200‒2025 m a.s.l.; 24‒25 Jun. 2007; Bao-Zhen Hua & Jiang-Li Tan leg. • 26♂♂, 22♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype • 8♂♂, 9♀♀; Hualongshan; 2200 m a.s.l.; 24 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao & Yuan Hua leg. – Chongqing • 8♂♂, 9♀♀; Chengkou, Shentian Alpine Shrub Meadow; 2400‒2500 m a.s.l.; 22 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao, Yuan Hua & Yu-Ru Yang leg. • 11♂♂, 7♀♀; Huang′anba Alpine Shrub Meadow; 2400 m a.s.l.; 22 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao, Yuan Hua, & Yu-Ru Yang leg. – Hubei Prov. • 2♂♂; Shennongjia, Hongping; 28 Jun. 2007; Bao-Zhen Hua & Jiang-Li Tan leg. • 1♂, 8♀♀; Yanziya; 1950 m a.s.l.; 30 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao leg. • 3♂♂, 4♀♀; Hongping Airport; 2150 m a.s.l.; 30 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao & Yu-Ru Yang leg.

Male: FL = 11.1‒12.1 mm, FW = 2.8‒3.0 mm; HL = 10.0‒11.1 mm, HW = 2.7‒2.9 mm. Female: FL = 11.2‒12.6 mm, FW = 2.8‒3.1 mm; HL = 10.2‒11.6 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.0 mm.

China: Chongqing, Hubei, Shaanxi.

This species resembles P. chengi in appearance, but can be differentiated from the latter by vein 1A ending before (cf. at) the origin of Rs.

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wings devoid of markings, pterostigma faint (Fig. 3B–C); (2) vein 1A ending at level of origin of Rs; (Fig. 3B–C) (3) pro-, meso-, and metanotum yellowish, darkened laterally (Fig. 3B–C); in males, (4) gonostylus with broad row of stout setae on inner margin; (5) gonocoxites bearing 4–6 short setae along beveled inner apex ventrally, with small protuberance below setae; (6) parameres slender, intensely curved, reaching half length of aedeagus; in females, (7) medigynium with main plate oblong; axis extending beyond main plate more than half its length anteriorly; lateral basal plates absent.

CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Qinling; 13 Jul. 1951; Io Chou leg. • 1♀; Huashan; 30 Aug. 1983; Xiao-Lin Lu leg. • 1♂; Zhouzhi, Taibaishan, Tiejiashu; 1770 m a.s.l.; 17 Jul. 2002; Xiao-Ni Nie & Wu Dai leg. • 35♂♂, 32♀♀; Ningshan, Huoditang; 5 May‒13 Jul. 2019; Xin Tong & Peng-Yang Wang leg. • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Zhuque National Forest Park; 2000 m a.s.l.; 23 Aug. 2008; Bao-Zhen Hua & Qiang Fu leg. • 9♂♂, 12♀♀; Hanyin, Fenghuangshan, Leigutai; 1800 m a.s.l.; 27 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao leg.

Measurements. Male: FL = 11.3‒12.6 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.2 mm; HL = 10.3‒11.6 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.1 mm. Female: FL = 11.6‒13.1 mm, FW = 3.1‒3.3 mm; HL = 10.8‒12.0 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.3 mm.

China: Shaanxi.

This species can be readily identified from other members of the P. davidi group by the gonostylus with a broad row of stout setae on inner margin.

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) forewing apical band broad, with small hyaline spot posteriorly; pterostigmal band with basal branch broad and apical branch mostly absent; basal band complete, broad; marginal and basal spots absent (Fig. 4A–B); (2) meso- and metanotum black, with prominent pale yellow mesal stripe (Fig. 4A–B); in males, (3) gonocoxites with elongated process, bearing short stout setae on inner margin (Fig. 4E); (4) parameres elongate, crossed mesally, and twisted in S-shape (Fig. 4F); and in females; (5) medigynium with main plate rectangular, three times as long as wide, with pair of large lateral basal plates near middle portion; axis extending beyond main plate for two-fifths its length anteriorly (Fig. 4I–J).

CHINA – Sichuan Prov. • 6♂♂, 7♀♀; Wolong; 31°02′12″N, 103°12′35″E; 1940‒2060 m a.s.l.; 9–10 Aug. 2018; Ning Li, Lu Liu & Lu-Yao Yang leg. • 5♂♂, 7♀♀; Pingwu, Laohegou; 1800 m a.s.l.; 25 May 2018; Kai Gao leg. • 1♂; Heishui, Dagubingchuan; 2700 m a.s.l.; 6 Jun. 2019; Kai Gao leg. • 1♂; Lixian, Bipenggou; 2600 m a.s.l.; 6 Jun. 2019; Kai Gao leg. – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♀; Baoji, Fengxian, Tiantaishan Forest Park; 1 Jun. 2015; Ji-Shen Wang & Lu Jiang leg. • 1♂, 1♀; Baoji, Fengxian, Tongtianhe Forest Park; 34°11′03″N, 106°40′15″E; 10 Jun. 2015; Lu Jiang leg. • 15♂♂, 21♀♀; Ningshan, Huoditang; 5 May‒13 Jul. 2019; Xin Tong & Peng-Yang Wang leg.

Male: FL = 11.4‒13.9 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.5 mm; HL = 10.3‒12.0 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.2 mm. Female: FL = 11.3‒14.1 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.6 mm; HL = 10.3‒12.1 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.3 mm.

Female: Head (Fig. 4B): Frons, vertex, and occiput yellowish brown. Black transverse band passing through ocellar triangle, extending to inner margins of compound eyes. Rostrum yellow, slender, with labrum dark brown. Maxillary and labial palps mostly pale brown, with distal segments dark brown. Antennal scape yellowish brown; pedicel dark yellowish brown; flagellum blackish brown, filiform. Thorax (Fig. 4B): Pronotum black, with 12–16 setae along anterior margin. Meso- and metanotum black, with pale yellow mesal stripe; scutella totally pale yellow. Pleura yellowish; legs yellowish brown, with distal tarsomere blackish. Wings (Fig. 4B): Wing membrane hyaline, with black brown markings. In forewing, broad apical band with small hyaline spot posteriorly; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch, apical branch absent; broad basal band complete; marginal and basal spots almost absent. Hindwing similar to forewing, with relatively reduced markings; basal band usually narrower and incomplete. Abdomen (Fig. 4B): T2–T6 black. A7–A10 brown. Genitalia (Fig. 4H‒J): Subgenital plate ligulate, with V-shaped distal emargination, bearing long setae on distal quarter. Medigynium with rectangular main plate, three times as long as wide; pair of large wing-like lateral basal plates near middle portion; paired posterior arms forming broad U-shaped emargination; axis slightly extruded posteriorly, extending beyond main plate for two-fifths of its length anteriorly.

China: Shaanxi, Sichuan.

This species resembles P. davidi in appearance, but can be readily identified by complete basal band (cf. split into two spots) in forewing and elongated process on gonocoxites with the base 1.5 times (cf. twice) as wide as the apex.

This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) frons, vertex, occiput, and ocellar triangle blackish brown; (2) wing membrane hyaline, without markings; (3) pro-, meso-, and metanotum black; (4) hypovalves slender with rounded apexes, almost extending to apex of gonocoxites; (5) row of setae on ventral apex of gonocoxites; (6) parameres slender, intensively curved, twisted in S-shape.

Unknown.

Male: FL = 11 mm, FW = 2 mm; HL = 10 mm, HW = 2 mm.

China: Guizhou.

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) forewing markings well-developed, apical band broad and scattered posteriorly; pterostigmal band with basal branch complete and apical branch separated or absent; basal band split into two spots; basal spot greatly reduced (Fig. 5A–B); (2) meso- and metanotum black, with narrower pale yellow mesal stripe (Fig. 5A–C); in males, (3) gonocoxites with protruding process bearing short black setae on inner apex (Fig. 5E); (4) parameres elongate, crossed mesally, and twisted in S-shape (Fig. 5E); and in females (5) medigynium with main plate oblong, three times as long as wide; axis extending beyond main plate for half its length anteriorly (Fig. 5G).

CHINA – Sichuan Prov. • 1♀; Baoxing, Qingyi River Source; 2500 m a.s.l.; 13 Aug. 2018; Ji-Shen Wang leg. • 1♂, 2♀♀, collecting data missing.

Male: FL = 13.0 mm, FW = 3.0 mm; HL = 11.5 mm, HW = 2.9 mm. Female: FL = 13.0‒14.0 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.2 mm; HL = 11.6‒12.5 mm, HW = 3.0‒3.1 mm.

Female: Head (Fig. 5B‒C): Frons yellowish brown, occiput yellowish brown with two black spots laterally. Vertex with broad black transverse stripe passing through ocellar triangle and extending to inner margins of compound eyes. Rostrum yellow, slender. Maxillary and labial palps mostly pale brown, with distal segments black brown. Antennal scape yellowish brown; pedicel dark brown; flagellum black, filiform. Thorax (Fig. 5 B‒C): Pronotum black, with 12–16 setae along anterior margin. Meso- and metanotum black, with narrower pale yellow mesal stripe; scutella totally pale yellow. Pleura and legs light yellowish brown, with distal tarsomere blackish. Wings (Fig. 5B): Wing membrane hyaline, with dark brown markings. In forewing, apical band broad and scattered posteriorly; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch, apical branch absent or reduced to small spot posteriorly; marginal spot absent or reduced to small spot; basal band split into two spots; basal spot greatly reduced on base of CuA and CuP. Hindwing similar to forewing, with relatively reduced markings; basal spot absent. Abdomen (Fig. 5B): T2–T6 black. A7–A10 brown. Genitalia (Fig. 5F–G): Subgenital plate elliptical, with V-shaped distal emargination, bearing long setae on distal part. Medigynium with oblong main plate, three times as long as wide, and lateral margin emarginate at basal one-third; paired posterior arms quarter as long as main plate, forming broad U-shaped emargination; axis slightly extruded posteriorly, extending beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly.

China: Sichuan.

Only a single male (holotype) of P. davidi from Baoxing, Sichuan was known previously. A female specimen was erroneously treated as P. davidi by Navás (1908), but was later designated as the holotype of P. guttata Navás, 1908 (Esben-Petersen 1915). A female of P. davidi captured recently from the type locality can be differentiated from that of P. guttata by the well-developed (cf. greatly reduced) wing markings and by meso- and metanotum black (cf. yellowish brown), with a narrower (cf. broad) pale yellow mesal stripe.

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wings with well-developed variable markings (Figs 6A–B, 7A–B); (2) meso- and metanotum black, with prominent pale yellow mesal stripe (Figs 6A–B, 7A–B); in males, (3) gonocoxites with a row of long setae along slightly beveled inner apex (Fig. 7E); (4) parameres crossed subapically, twisted in S-shape (Fig. 7G); (5) dorsal valves slender, stalked, each with an intensively enlarged dorsal process on apical portion dorsally (Fig. 7F–G); and in females, (6) medigynium bearing a pair of auricular lateral basal plates on middle portion (Fig. 7I–J).

CHINA – Chongqing • 1♀; Beibei, Longfengxi; 27 Oct. 1984; Xin Yue leg.; • 18♂♂, 21♀♀; Beibei, Xiema, Damotan; 230 m a.s.l.; 5 Apr. 2013; Jian-Yue Qiu & Hao Xu leg. –Shaanxi Prov. • 2♀♀; Nanzheng, Liping; 32°54′09″N, 106°36′36″E; 1530 m a.s.l.; 11 Jul. 2019; Ying Miao & Yue Pan leg. • 2♂♂; Liping; 2018; Zheng Wei. – Sichuan Prov. • 6♂♂, 8♀♀; Maoxian, Tudiling; 2050 m a.s.l.; 31 May 2019; Kai Gao.

Male: FL = 10.9‒12.8 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.1 mm; HL = 10.0‒11.8 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.0 mm. Female: FL = 11.3‒12.9 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.2 mm; HL = 10.3‒12.1 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.1 mm.

Female: Head (Figs 6B, 7B): Frons, vertex, and occiput yellowish brown. Broad black band passing through ocellar triangle to inner margins of compound eyes. Rostrum yellow, slender, with labrum dark brown. Maxillary and labial palps mostly pale brown with distal segments dark brown. Antennal scape dark brown; pedicel blackish brown; flagellum black, filiform. Thorax (Figs 6B, 7B): Pronotum black, with 10–16 setae along anterior margin. Meso- and metanotum black, with pale yellow mesal stripe; scutella totally pale yellow. Pleura and legs yellowish brown, with distal tarsomere blackish. Wings (Figs 6B, 7B): Wing membrane hyaline, with markings black brown. In forewing, broad apical band scattered on posterior margin, several small hyaline spots along apical crossveins; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch, apical branch usually detached and thin; marginal spot as one or two small spots; basal band generally split into two large spots, complete in a few individuals; basal spot prominent. Hindwing similar to forewing, with relatively reduced markings; marginal spot usually faint and basal spot absent. Abdomen (Figs 6B, 7B): T2–T6 black. A7–A10 yellowish brown. Genitalia (Fig. 7H–J): Subgenital plate ligulate, with V-shaped distal emargination, bearing long setae on distal half. Medigynium with broad, long main plate, lateral margin emarginate medially, distal portion broader than base; pair of auricular lateral basal plates on middle part, each basal plate consisting of sclerotized middle structure enclosing very small one; axis slightly extruded posteriorly, extending beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly.

China: Chongqing, Shaanxi, Sichuan.

Panorpa difficilis was previously known only by the male holotype. A series of male and female specimens were captured recently from Chongqing and Shaanxi. This species should be a bivoltine insect in Chongqing at low elevations.

This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) pleura blackish brown to black (Fig. 8C); (2) wing with pterostigmal band usually reduced to anterior half in females, males with relatively reduced markings; apical band incomplete, scattered, faint (Fig. 8B–D); (3) pro-, meso- and metanotum blackish brown, scutella dark brown (Fig. 8B, D); in males, (4) gonocoxites with triangular process on inner apex ventrally, bearing tuft of long black setae; (5) parameres crossed and twisted in S-shape; and in females, (6) medigynium with main plate three times as long as wide; lateral basal plates absent; axis extending beyond main plate for a quarter length anteriorly.

CHINA – Yunnan Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Diqing, Shangri-La, Haba; 2600–2700 m a.s.l.; 20 Jun. 2014; Chao Gao & Mei Liu leg. • 33♂♂, 25♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype • 5♂♂, 7♀♀; Shangri-La, Haba; 27°22′14″N, 100°7′49″E; 2730 m a.s.l.; 27–28 May 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg.

Male: FL = 13.2‒14.1 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.2 mm; HL = 12.1‒13.0 mm, HW = 3.0‒3.1 mm. Female: FL = 13.6‒14.6 mm, FW = 3.3‒3.5 mm; HL = 12.6‒13.6 mm, HW = 3.2‒3.4 mm.

China: Yunnan.

This species resembles P. fructa with its blackish brown pro-, meso- and metanotum; darker pleura; roof-like wings at repose, but can be differentiated from the latter by pterostigmal band reduced and not reaching R_{2 +3} (cf. scattered); axis of female main plate extended beyond main plate for a quarter (cf. half) of its length.

This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) frons, vertex, ocellar triangle and occiput dark brown (Fig. 9B–C); (2) wing membrane hyaline; pterostigma prominent; apical band absent in a few specimens, nearly elliptical with small hyaline spot inside in most individuals (Fig. 9B–C); (3) nota blackish brown to black (Fig. 9B–C); in males, (4) gonocoxites with cluster of stout dark brown setae and 3–5 long setae along oblique inner apex ventrally; (5) parameres crossed mesally, twisted in S-shape; and in females, (6) medigynium with main plate oblong, middle part bearing pair of lateral basal plates; axis extending beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly.

CHINA – Yunnan Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Diqing, Shangri-La, Haba; 27°22′12″N, 100°7′48″E; 2700 m a.s.l.; 2 Jun. 2016; Gui-Lin Hu & Wei Du leg. • 1♂, 3♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype; • 13♂♂, 12♀♀ (Paratypes); Diqing, Shangri-La, Haba; 2600–2700 m a.s.l.; 20 Jun. 2014; Chao Gao & Mei Liu leg. • 31♂♂, 25♀♀; Diqing, Shangri-La, Baishuitai; 27°30′2″N, 100°2′36″E; 2500 m a.s.l.; 28–29 May 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg.

Male: FL = 12.6‒14.4 mm, FW = 3.1‒3.5 mm; HL = 11.8‒13.4 mm, HW = 3.0‒3.4 mm. Female: FL = 13.7‒14.5 mm, FW = 3.2‒3.6 mm; HL = 12.6‒13.4 mm, HW = 3.1‒3.5 mm.

China: Yunnan.

This species resembles P. curva in female medigynium, but can be differentiated from the latter by the black meso- and metanotum (cf. black, with prominent pale yellow mesal stripe); and reduced (cf. well-developed) wing markings.

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) pleura blackish brown to black (Figs 10B, 11C); (2) wing markings reduced into series of scattered dark brown spots (Fig. 10B–C); (3) meso- and metanotum black, without pale mesal stripe (Fig. 11A–B); (4) inner apex of gonocoxites projected inwards, bearing cluster of long black setae (Fig. 11E); (5) hypovalves gradually broadened towards rounded apexes, extending to apex of gonocoxites (Fig. 11F); and in females, (6) medigynium with main plate broad, long; pair of lateral basal plates subbasally extended to three-quarters length of main plate (Fig. 11J–K).

CHINA – Sichuan, Garze • 1♂ (Holotype); “Wakiakeng, 50 miles west of Tachienlu” [now Kangding]; 9 Sep. 1939; Fung Ying Cheng, Io Chou & Tein Ho Hei leg. • 1♂; Kangding, Gongga Temple; 3650‒4000 m a.s.l.; 3 Sep. 1982; Shu-Yong Wang leg. • 1♂; Yajiang Military Station; 3600 m a.s.l.; 28 Aug. 1982; Huai-Cheng Cai leg. • 1♀; Yajiang Military Station; 3350 m a.s.l.; 25 Jul. 1982; Xue-Zhong Zhang leg. • 1♀; Yajiang Military Station; 3380 m a.s.l.; 6 Aug. 2018; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg. • 2♀♀; same data as previous; 3 Jul. 2019 • 2♂♂; Luhuo, Zhuwo; 3 Jun. 2009; Jiang-Li Tan leg. • 23♂♂, 28♀♀; Xinduqiao; 30°03′28″N, 101°28′58″E; 3480 m a.s.l.; 29 Jun. 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg. • 1♂; Tagong grassland; 30°19′13″N, 101°28′58″E; 3760 m a.s.l.; 3 Aug. 2018; Lu-Yao Yang leg.

Male: FL = 11.3‒12.2 mm, FW = 2.8‒3.2 mm; HL = 10.2‒11.0 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.0 mm. Female: FL = 12.0‒12.5 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.2 mm; HL = 10.4‒11.3 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.2 mm.

Female: Head (Figs 10C, 11B): Frons and occiput reddish brown. Vertex with broad black transverse band passing through ocellar triangle and extending to inner margins of compound eyes. Rostrum reddish brown, with two blackish brown submedian stripes. Labrum black brown. Maxillary and labial palps dark brown, with distal segments black. Antennal scape, pedicel black brown; flagellum black, filiform. Thorax (Figs 10C, 11B): Pronotum black, with 10–16 stout setae along anterior margin. Meso- and metanotum black, without pale mesal stripe; scutella black brown. Pleura black brown to black. Legs reddish brown, with distal tarsomere black. Wings (Figs 10C, 11B): Wing membrane hyaline, with dark brown markings. Forewing with broad apical band split into large spot anteriorly and series of small spots posteriorly; pterostigmal band complete anteriorly, with discrete basal branch and faint apical branch posteriorly; marginal spot prominent; basal band split into two spots; basal spot small and faint. Hindwing similar to forewing, but with relatively reduced markings; marginal spot and basal band extremely faint or absent; basal spot absent. Abdomen (Fig. 11B): T2–T6 black. A7–A10 reddish brown. Genitalia (Fig. 11I–K): Subgenital plate ligulate, with V-shaped distal emargination, bearing long setae in distal half. Medigynium with broad, long main plate, lateral margin concaved; each lateral basal plate subbasally consisting of three pieces of sclerotized structure, extended to three-quarters length of main plate. Posterior arms slender, one-third as long as main plate; axis slightly extruded posteriorly, extending beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly.

China: Sichuan.

Panorpa fructa was originally described based on a single male specimen. Over two dozen female specimens from Kangding, the type locality, are determined here as members of this species. The specimens were collected at high-altitude from 3300 to 4000 m in alpine shrub meadow (Fig. 10A). The darker body may help absorb solar heating to adapt the cold environment. The adults hold wings roof-like at repose (Fig. 10B), which may be adapted to the strong wind environment in the alpine region.

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wing membrane tinged with yellow, reduced markings (Fig. 12B‒C); (2) vein 1A ending at level of origin of Rs (Fig. 12B‒C); (3) meso- and metanotum black brown with yellowish mesal stripe (Fig. 12B‒C); in males, (4) arcuate inner apex of ventral gonocoxites bearing cluster of extremely long setae; (5) parameres slender, twisted in S-shape, crossed once or twice; in females, (6) main plate of medigynium broad; pair of large lateral basal plates extending from base to two-thirds of length of main plate; axis extended beyond main plate one-third of its length anteriorly.

CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Taibaishan; 22 Jul. 1956; Io Chou leg.; • 4 ♂♂, 5♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype; • 9♂♂, 5♀♀; Ningshan Huoditang; 20 Jul. 2018; Ying Miao & Xiao-Yan Wang leg. • 5♂♂, 4♀♀; Liuba; 1200‒1600 m a.s.l.; 3 Aug. 2004; Peng-Ying Huang leg. • 2♂♂, 14♀♀; • 16♂♂, 20♀♀; Liping National Forest Park, Qixingge; 1500 m a.s.l.; 12 Jul. 2018; Zheng Wei leg. • 4♂♂, 3♀♀; Hanyin, Fenghuangshan, Leigutai, 1800 m a.s.l.; 27 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao leg. • 2♀♀; Zhouzhi, Houzhenzi; 2030 m a.s.l.; 24 Jul. 2019; Kai Gao leg. • 2♀♀; Foping, Liangfengya; 2200 m a.s.l.; 26 Jul. 2019; Kai Gao leg. • 12♂♂, 16♀♀; Qinling Railway Station; 34°14′13″N, 106°55′08″E; 1440 m a.s.l.; 18 Aug. 2019; Ning Li & Yue Pan leg.

Male: FL = 10.4‒11.9 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.1 mm; HL = 9.4‒11.0 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.1 mm. Female: FL = 11.2‒12.6 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.3 mm; HL = 10.1‒11.5 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.2 mm.

China: Shaanxi.

This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) frons and occiput yellowish brown (Fig. 14A–C); (2) vertex with broad black transverse band passing through ocellar triangle, extending to inner margins of compound eyes (Fig. 14A–C); (3) forewing with pterostigma brown; apical band indistinctly faint brown, greatly reduced; other bands and spots absent (Figs 13A–B, 14A–B); in males, (4) meso- and metanotum pale brown, with broad pale yellow mesal stripe extending to T3 (Figs 13B, 14A); (5) A6 uniformly black, projected on dorsal apex with sparse long brown setae (Fig. 14D); (6) gonocoxites bearing cluster of black setae on inner apex (Fig. 14F–G); (7) parameres crossed, twisted in S-shape, reaching apex of gonocoxites (Fig. 14H); in females, (8) medigynium with main plate broad, long, twice as long as wide; a pair of large lateral basal plates reaching three-fourths of length of main plate; posterior arms half length of main plate; axis extended beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly, extruded posteriorly (Fig. 14K–L).

The specific epithet is dedicated to Kai Gao, the collector of the type specimens, for his support to this research.

Holotype: CHINA – Hubei Prov. • ♂; Shennongjia National Nature Reserve; 1800 m a.s.l.; 1 Jul. 2018; Kai Gao leg. Paratypes: CHINA – Hubei Prov. • 7 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; same data as holotype.

Male: FL = 13.3–14.3 mm, FW = 3.7–3.9 mm; HL = 12.0–13.0 mm, HW = 3.5–3.6 mm. Female: FL = 13.9–14.2 mm, FW = 3.7–3.8 mm; HL = 2.8–13.1 mm, HW = 3.4–3.5 mm.

Male: Head (Figs 13A–B, 14A, C): Frons and occiput yellowish brown; vertex with broad black transverse band passing through ocellar triangle and extending to inner margins of compound eyes. Rostrum yellow, with labrum brown; labial and maxillary palps yellowish brown basally, gradually darkening toward apex, with apical segment dark brown. Antennal scape ununiformly brownish black; pedicel and flagellum dark brown, filiform, with 35–39 flagellomeres. Thorax (Figs 13A–B, 14A, D): Pronotum unevenly pale brown, with two dark-brown transverse stripes, bearing 10–14 black setae along anterior margin; meso- and metanotum pale brown, with broad pale to pale yellow mesal stripe. Pleura pale yellow. Legs yellowish brown with tarsi darkened toward apices. Wings (Figs 13A–B, 14A): Membrane hyaline. Forewing with pterostigma reddish brown. Apical band indistinctly faint brown, greatly reduced, arranged between R_2a1 and R₅ or M₁. Hindwing similar to forewing, but slightly smaller with reduced markings. Abdomen (Figs 13A–B, 14A, D): T2 and T3 unevenly pale with lateral and posterior margins dark brown. Notal organ of T3 flat rectangular, covering acute postnotal organ on anterior portion of T4. T4–T6 black brown. A6 projected on dorsal apex with long brown setae. A7 and A8 elongate, uniformly yellow, constricted basally. Genitalia (Fig. 14E–I): Genital bulb oval, yellow. Epandrium broad basally, bearing dense setae distally, with deep terminal emargination. Cercus long clavate, slightly expanded towards apex. Hypandrium with shortened basal stalk; hypovalves long and broad, reaching apex of gonocoxites; each hypovalve rounded at apex, bearing long dense setae along apical half and shorter setae along basal half on inner margin. Gonocoxites bearing cluster of stout black setae on inner apex. Gonostylus with large basal cup and obtuse triangular median tooth. Parameres twisted in S-shape, crossed mesally, bearing dense short spines on inner margin. Dorsal valves of aedeagus slender, strongly curved ventrally; with circular dorsal process on middle portion. Ventral valves shortened. Lateral process distinctly triangled. — Female: Similar to male in body coloration except, T3 uniformly dark brown in most females and small portion pale in a few specimens. Wing markings similar to males (Fig. 14B). Genitalia (Fig. 14J–L): Subgenital plate broad subbasally, narrowing into subtriangular and indistinctly distal emarginate, bearing long setae on caudal and lateral margins. Medigynium with well-developed main plate, nearly rectangular, twice as long as wide; lateral basal plates broad, long, reaching three-fourths length of main plate, each basal plate formed by two pieces of sclerotized structures basally connected by membrane; posterior arms half length of main plate, forming deep U-shaped emargination; axis elongated, bifurcated anteriorly, extended beyond main plate for half of its length, with posterior slightly extruded.

China: Hubei.

This new species resembles P. bashanicola in appearance, but can be readily differentiated from the latter by the following characters: (1) wing with apical band narrow (cf. absence); (2) 1A ending beyond (cf. before) the origin of Rs; (3) forewing usually longer than 13 mm (cf. shorter than 13 mm).

This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) forewing apical band broad with large hyaline spot posteriorly; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch and thin or incomplete apical branch; marginal spot conspicuous; basal band broad; basal spots greatly reduced, faint (Figs 15C–D, 16A–B); (2) meso- and metanotum black brown to black, with narrow or indistinct yellow mesal stripe (Figs 15C–D, 16A–B); in males, (3) gonocoxites with 4–5 stout setae on inner apex ventrally, and triangular notch on subapical portion (Fig. 16G); (4) parameres crossed mesally, twisted in S-shape (Fig. 16G, I); in females, (5) medigynium with main plate broad, elongate, twice as long as wide; a pair of lateral basal plates on middle part of main plate; axis extended beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly (Fig. 16K–L).

The specific name is dedicated to Yuan Hua, the collector of the type specimens.

Material examined. Holotype: CHINA – Shaanxi • ♂; Ankang, Hualongshan; 2200 m a.s.l.; 24 Jul. 2018; Yuan Hua leg. Paratypes: CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 4♂♂, 2♀♀; same data as holotype; 24 Jul. 2018; Yuan Hua leg. • 1♂, 3♀♀; same data as holotype; 4 Aug. 2020; Lu-Yao Yang & Le-Le He leg. – Chongqing • 2♂♂, 3♀♀; Chengkou, Huang′anba Alpine Shrub Meadow; 2400 m a.s.l.; 22 Jun. 2018; Yuan Hua & Kai Gao leg. – Hubei Prov. • 1♀; Shennongjia, Jiuhuping; 24 Jun. 2018; Yuan Hua leg.

Male: FL = 10.0–10.9 mm, FW = 2.7–3.1 mm; HL = 9.0–9.9 mm, HW = 2.6–2.9 mm. Female: FL = 10.9–11.3 mm, FW = 3.0–3.1 mm; HL = 10.0–10.4 mm, HW = 2.9–3.0 mm.

Male: Head (Figs 15C, 16A, C–D): Frons, vertex and occiput yellowish brown; broad black transverse band passing through ocellar triangle and extending to inner margins of compound eyes. Rostrum yellow, with labrum brown; labial and maxillary palps yellow basally and gradually darkened towards apex, with apical segment dark brown. Antennal scape unevenly yellowish brown; pedicel and flagellum dark brown, filiform, with 35–37 flagellomeres. Thorax (Figs 15C, 16A, D): Pronotum brownish black, bearing 10–12 black setae along anterior margin; meso- and metanotum unevenly black, bearing narrow yellow mesal stripe, with scutellum dark brown. Pleura and coxae pale. Legs yellowish, with tarsi darkened toward apices. Wings (Figs 15C, 16A): Forewing membrane hyaline, with wing markings dark brown. Apical band broad, with hyaline inner spot. Pterostigmal band complete, with basal branch approximately three times as wide as apical branch; basal band broad; marginal spot separated, thin, striped or absent; basal spot greatly reduced. Hindwing similar to forewing, but with relatively reduced markings and slightly smaller. Abdomen (Figs 15C, 16A, E): T2–T5 black. Notal organ of T3 flat triangular, covering acute postnotal organ on T4. A6 cylindrical, basal three-fourths brownish black, distal third yellowish brown, slightly projected on dorsal apex with sparse long dark brown setae. A7 and A8 elongate, usually yellow, constricted basally, gradually wider toward apices. Genitalia (Fig. 16F–I): Genital bulb long oval, yellow. Epandrium broad basally, narrowed towards apex, with U-shaped terminal emargination, bearing dense setae. Cercus long clavate, expanded apically, yellowish brown, with slightly darker apex. Hypandrium with reduced stalk and pair of slender hypovalves, extending two-thirds length of gonocoxites; hypovalve bearing separated long setae on inner margin. Gonocoxite bearing 4–5 stout setae on inner apex ventrally and triangular notch on subapical portion. Gonostylus with large basal cup and obtuse triangular median tooth on inner margin. Parameres twisted in S-shape, mesally crossed, bearing dense short spines on inner margin and whole distal portion; apex long, acute. Ventral valves greatly shortened. Dorsal valves of aedeagus elongated, bearing bundle of long hairs ventrally on base and enlarged dorsal process on subapical portion dorsally. Lateral process distinctly triangular. — Female: Similar to male except, relatively denser wing markings (Figs 15D, 16B). Genitalia (Fig. 16J–L): Subgenital plate broad subbasally, narrowed towards apex, with V-shaped terminal emargination, bearing long setae on distal third laterally. Medigynium with well-developed main plate, twice as long as wide; middle part bearing pair of lateral basal plates; posterior arms slender, half length of main plate, forming large, deep U-shaped emargination; axis elongated, bifurcated anteriorly, extended beyond main plate for half of its length, with posterior distinctly extruded.

China: Chongqing, Hubei, Shaanxi.

This new species resembles P. sexspinosa in appearance, but can be readily differentiated from the latter by: (1) meso- and metanotum unevenly black, bearing an indistinct narrow (cf. distinct) yellow mesal stripe; (2) basal spot greatly reduced (cf. absent); (3) hypovalve extremely slender (cf. broad); separated (cf. dense) long setae on inner margin; (4) middle (cf. basal) region of medigynium bearing a pair of lateral basal plates.

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wing markings well-developed, forewing apical band with two inner hyaline spots; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and thinly connected or detached apical branch; marginal spot large; basal band split into two spots; basal spot greatly reduced (Fig. 17A–B); (2) meso- and metanotum black, with broad pale mesal stripe (Fig. 17A–B); in males, (3) gonocoxites with cluster of long setae along slightly oblique inner apex ventrally (Fig. 17E); (4) parameres crossed mesally, twisted in S-shape (Fig. 17G); in females, (5) main plate of medigynium three times as long as posterior arms; axis extended beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly (Fig. 17I–J).

CHINA – Sichuan Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Jinchuan; 10 Sep. 1963; Sheng-Li Liu leg. • 1♂ (Paratype); Jinchuan; 8 Sep. 1963; Jiang Xiong leg. • 4♂♂, 9♀♀; Danba, Maoniuhe; 26 Jul. 2006; Xiao-Yan Hou et al. leg. • 1♂, 1♀; Zhonglu; 30°53′46″N, 101°55′50″E; 2230 m a.s.l.; 7 Jul. 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg. • 11♂♂, 13♀♀; Donggu; 30°46′37″N, 101°43′48″E; 2230 m a.s.l.; 8 Jul. 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg.

Male: FL = 11.8‒13.0 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.2 mm; HL = 10.9‒12.0 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.1 mm. Female: FL = 12.2‒14.0 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.4 mm; HL = 11.0‒13.0 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.3 mm.

Female: Head (Fig. 17B): Frons, vertex and occiput yellowish brown. Black transverse band passing through ocellar triangle, extending to inner margins of compound eyes. Rostrum yellow, slender, with labrum dark brown. Maxillary and labial palps mostly pale brown, with distal segments dark brown. Antennal scape yellowish brown; pedicel dark yellowish brown; flagellum blackish brown, filiform. Thorax (Fig. 17B): Pronotum black, with 12–16 stout setae along anterior margin. Meso- and metanotum black, with prominent pale yellow mesal stripe; scutella totally pale yellow. Pleura yellowish; legs yellowish brown, with distal tarsomere blackish. Wings (Fig. 17B): Membrane hyaline, with black brown markings. Forewing apical band with two hyaline spots inside; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and thinly connected or detached apical branch; marginal spot large; basal band split into two spots; basal spot greatly reduced between veins CuA and CuP. Abdomen (Fig. 17B): T2–T6 black. A7–A10 uniformly yellowish brown. Genitalia (Fig. 17H‒J): Subgenital plate ligulate, bearing long setae on distal quarter. Medigynium with main plate oblong, broad; three times as long as posterior arms; pair of large wing-like lateral basal plates on basal half; axis slightly extruded posteriorly, extended beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly.

China: Sichuan.

Panorpa jinchuana was described from two males from Jinchuan, Sichuan. The male and female specimens obtained from Danba, Sichuan match the characters of this species. Here, the female is described and illustrated for the first time.

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wing markings well-developed, forewing apical band broad with one or two large inner hyaline spots; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch and thin apical branch; marginal spot large; broad basal band complete; basal spots large; (2) meso- and metanotum blackish brown, with prominent pale yellow mesal stripe; in males, (3) gonocoxites bearing 4–7 (usually 6) long setae along beveled inner apex ventrally; (4) parameres crossed mesally, twisted in S-shape, extended beyond gonocoxites; in females, (5) medigynium with main plate long, broad; a pair of lateral basal plates reaching two-thirds of main plate; axis extended beyond main plate for one-third of its length anteriorly.

CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Fengxian, Qinling Railway Station; 1600‒2000 m a.s.l.; 18 Aug. 1965; Io Chou & Jin-Sheng Lu leg. • 8♂♂, 10♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype • 1♀ (Paratype); Zhouzhi, Tianyu; 18–19 Aug. 1951; Io Chou leg.

Male: FL = 10.0‒11.1 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.2 mm; HL = 9.1‒10.0 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.1 mm. Female: FL = 10.5‒11.5 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.3 mm; HL = 9.6‒10.5 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.2 mm.

China: Shaanxi.

Panorpa neospinosa resembles P. sexspinosa, but differs from the latter in the conspicuous (cf. absent) basal spot.

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) forewing with apical band broad, bearing large hyaline spot posteriorly; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and thin apical branch; marginal spot long and narrow or inconspicuous; basal band broad; basal spot extremely reduced or absent; (2) meso- and metanotum blackish brown with conspicuous yellowish mesal stripe; in males, (3) gonocoxites with triangular process on inner apex ventrally, bearing 1 or 2 long setae on inner margin subapically; (4) parameres crossed mesally, twisted in S-shape; in males, (5) medigynium with main plate almost oblong in shape, twice as long as wide; a pair of large basal plates reaching the middle of main plate; axis extended beyond main plate for two-fifths of its length anteriorly.

CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Qinling; 18 Aug. 1965; Io Chou & Jin-Sheng Lu leg. • 9 ♂♂, 10♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype • 7♂♂, 5♀♀; Nanzheng, Liping Village; 1650 m a.s.l.; 9 Aug. 2011; Shuang Xue leg. • 9♂♂, 3♀♀; Liping National Forest Park, Qixingge; 1500 m a.s.l.; 30 Jun. 2018; Zheng Wei leg. • 2♂♂, 3♀♀; Zibaishan; 27 Jul. 2019 Kai Gao leg. • 1♂, 1♀; Qinling Railway Station; 34°14′13″N, 106°55′08″E; 1440 m a.s.l.; 18 Aug. 2019; Ning Li leg. – Sichuan Prov. • 3♂♂, 2♀♀; Wanyuan, Huaeshan; 1200 m a.s.l.; 16 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao & Yu-Ru Yang leg.

Male: FL = 10.2‒12.2 mm, FW = 2.8‒3.1 mm; HL = 9.0‒11.4 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.0 mm. Female: FL = 10.4‒12.7 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.2 mm; HL = 9.4‒11.6 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.1 mm.

China: Shaanxi, Sichuan.

This species is bivoltine, overwintering in the prepupal stage in the soil. Adults emerge from mid-May to early June and from late July to mid-August in Liping, Shaanxi (Cai & Hua 2009).

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wing markings well-developed, forewing apical band broad with large hyaline spot posteriorly; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch, and thin or no apical branch; marginal spot slender or absent; basal band broad; basal spot absent (Figs 18B–C, 19A–B); (2) meso- and metanotum blackish brown to black, with broad pale yellow mesal stripe (Fig. 19A–B); in males, (3) gonocoxites bearing 4–8 (usually 6) long setae along beveled inner apex ventrally (Fig. 19E–F); (4) parameres crossed mesally, twisted in S-shape, extending beyond gonocoxites (Fig. 19E, G); in females, (5) medigynium with main plate broad, pair of lateral basal plates reaching two-thirds length of main plate, each basal plate formed by three sclerotized structures connected by membrane; axis extended beyond main plate for one-third of its length anteriorly (Fig. 19J–K).

CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype of P. sexspinosa); Taibaishan; Jul. 1942; Io Chou leg. • 1♀ (Holotype of P. shanyangensis); Shanyang, Cuipingshan; 14 Aug. 1973; Chou Tian, Tian-Yin Zeng & Man-Sheng Ruan leg. • 1♂ (Holotype of P. sexspinosa zhongnanensis); Nanwutai; 28 Aug. 1980; Su-Mei Wang leg. • 15 ♀♀ (Paratypes of P. sexspinosa zhongnanensis); same data as previous; Su-Mei Wang et al. leg. • 2♂♂, 2♀♀ (Paratypes of P. sexspinosa zhongnanensis); Nanwutai; 8 Jul. 1979; Chou Tian & Tong Chen leg. • 1♂, 2♀♀; Taibaishan; 5 Jul. 2020; Bao-Zhen Hua & Xiao-Yan Wang leg. • 1♂; Qinling Railway Station; 18 Aug. 1965; Io Chou & Jin-Sheng Lu leg. • 32♂♂, 40♀♀; Ningshan, Huoditang; 5 May‒13 Jul. 2019; Xin Tong & Peng-Yang Wang leg. • 35♂♂, 42♀♀; Zhuque National Forest Park; 3 Sep. 2009; Yan-Kai Li & Jie Meng leg. • 1♂, 2♀♀; same data as previous; 8 Aug. 2020; Wan-Ruo Ma leg. • 3♂♂, 1♀; Tiantaishan Forest Park; 1500 m a.s.l.; 17 Jul. 2012; Qiong-Hua Gao & Yan-Yan Feng leg. • 3♀♀; Niubeiliang National Forest Park; 2200 m a.s.l.; 29 Jul. 2019; Kai Gao leg. – Gansu Prov. • 3♂♂, 2♀♀; Tianshui, Baihua Forest Farm; 7 Aug. 2011; Na Ma leg. • 1♂; Pingliang, Kongtongshan, Xiangshanding; 2090 m a.s.l.; 19 Jul. 2019; Yan-Na Zhang leg. – Henan Prov. • 1♂; Pingdingshan, Lushan, Yaoshan; 1200‒1400 m a.s.l.; 20 Jul. 2012; Bao-Zhen Hua leg. – Hubei Prov. • 1♂; Shennongjia, Badong, Tiansanping.

Male: FL = 11.3‒14.3 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.5 mm; HL = 10.4‒13.2 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.3 mm. Female: FL = 11.6‒14.7 mm, FW = 3.1‒3.6 mm; HL = 10.5‒13.6 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.4 mm.

China: Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi.

Panorpa sexspinosa zhongnanensis was described from Nanwutai, Shaanxi. Based on our observations, no significant differences from the nominotypical subspecies have been found in morphological characters, including body colour, wing markings, and male and female genitalia. Therefore, P. sexspinosa zhongnanensis is here treated as a junior synonym of P. sexspinosa.

Panorpa shanyangensis was described from a single female specimen from Cuipingshan, Shanyang, Shaanxi. It resembles P. sexspinosa in gross morphology, although it can be distinguished from the latter by three pairs (cf. a pair) of lateral basal plates, three spots, and incomplete apical band with three separated small spots near the inner margin (cf. apical band broad with a large hyaline spot posteriorly). After dissecting series of female specimens of P. sexspinosa from the type locality and other localities, we found that each complete basal plate is formed by three sclerotized structures connected by membrane. After comparing the female genitalia of P. shanyangensis and P. sexspinosa, we found these two nominal species share highly similar lateral basal plates and outline of the main plate. It is reasonable to consider that the apical band with three separated small spots near the inner margin in P. shanyangensis is variation of wing markings, thus P. shanyangensis and P. sexspinosa are very likely conspecific. Consequently, P. shanyangensis is treated as a junior subjective synonym of P. sexspinosa. In addition, according to the collection records, Panorpa sexspinosa is very likely a bivoltine insect in Shaanxi.

This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) frons, vertex, occiput and ocellar triangle black brown to black (Figs 20B–C, 21B–D); (2) wing membrane hyaline, with markings scattered into series of spots or only with pterostigma black brown in some males (Fig. 21A–C); (3) pro-, meso- and metanotum blackish brown (Fig. 20B–C); in males, (4) ventral termination of gonocoxites bearing 3–5 long setae and acute protuberance on inner apex (Fig. 21G); (5) parameres crossed mesally, twisted in S-shape (Fig. 21G, I); in females, (6) main plate of medigynium broad, long, basal half narrow, distal half broad; small lateral basal plates on basal half not extended to the base; axis extended beyond main plate quarter of its length anteriorly, not extruded posteriorly (Fig. 21K–L).

CHINA – Yunnan Prov. • 19♂♂, 21♀♀; Yulong Snow Mountain; 6 Jun. 2009; Jiang-Li Tan leg. • 23♂♂, 31♀♀; Weixi, Pantiange; 2600 m a.s.l.; 13 Jun. 2016; Gui-Lin Hu & Wei Du leg. • 35♂♂, 28♀♀; Pantiange; 27°19′27″N, 99°12′50″E; 2530 m a.s.l.; 3‒4 Jun. 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg.

Male: FL = 11.0‒11.7 mm, FW = 2.4‒2.7 mm; HL = 10.0‒10.7 mm, HW = 2.3‒2.6 mm. Female: FL = 11.2‒12.1 mm, FW = 2.5‒2.8 mm; HL = 10.4‒11.1 mm, HW = 2.4‒2.7 mm.

Male: Head (Figs 20B, 21B, D): Frons, vertex, occiput and ocellar triangle blackish brown; rostrum dark brown, with labrum blackish brown. Maxillary and labial palps dark brown, with distal segments darker. Antenna blackish brown. Thorax (Figs 20B, 21B, D): Pronotum black, with 10–16 stout setae along anterior margin. Meso- and metanotum black, without pale mesal stripe; scutella blackish brown. Pleura yellow. Legs pale yellowish brown with distal tarsomere black. Wings (Figs 20B, 21A‒B): Membrane hyaline, with markings dark brown to black brown. Wing markings variable: only with pterostigma in some males; scattered into series of spots in most individuals. Forewing apical band broad, split into series of spots arranged in two rows; pterostigmal band broad, complete anteriorly, scattered into series of small spots posteriorly; marginal spot represented by small rounded spot between R and M; basal band incomplete, reduced to irregular spot usually between CuA and CuP; basal spot usually faint or absent. Abdomen (Figs 20B, 21B, E): T2–T5 black. Notal organ of T3 covering acute postnotal organ of T4. A6 cylindrical with basal two-thirds black and distal one-third reddish brown. A7 and A8 yellowish brown, constricted basally. Genitalia (Fig. 21E–I): Genital bulb oval, yellowish brown. Epandrium long, broad, slightly tapered towards deep square terminal emargination, bearing numerous long dense setae. Hypandrium with shortened basal stalk and pair of hypovalves; hypovalves broadened from middle, extending to four-fifths length of gonocoxites, bearing row of long black bristles along inner margin of distal half. Gonocoxite bearing 3–5 long setae on inner apex ventrally, inner margin bearing acute protuberance. Gonostylus with obtuse triangular median tooth and large basal cup on inner margin. Parameres crossed, reaching apex of gonocoxites. Dorsal valves of aedeagus with enlarged dorsal process on subapical portion dorsally. Ventral valves greatly shortened. Lateral processes distinct, triangular.

China: Guizhou; Yunnan.

This species was described from a single female specimen from Chishui, Guizhou with promient scattered wing markings. The specimens obtained from Yunnan match the characters of P. stigmosa. Here, the male of this species is described for the first time.

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wing markings well-developed, forewing apical band with two hyaline spots inside; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and connected or detached thin apical branch; marginal spot large; basal band split into two spots; basal spot prominent; (2) meso- and metanotum black, with broad pale mesal stripe; in males, (3) gonocoxites with cluster of long setae along oblique inner apex ventrally; (4) parameres crossed mesally, twisted in S-shape; in females, (5) main plate of medigynium twice as long as posterior arms; axis extended beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly.

CHINA – Sichuan Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); “Tachielu” [now Kangding]; 5000‒8500 ft; 27 Aug. 1939; Fung Ying Cheng, Io Chou & Tein Ho Hei leg. • 1♀ (Paratype); same data as holotype • 1♀; Kangding; 2500 m a.s.l.; 28 May 1983; Yuan-Qing Chen leg. • 1♂, 1♀; Kangding; 2650 m a.s.l.; 29 May 1983; Shu-Yong Wang leg. • 1♀; Kangding; 2600 m a.s.l.; 4 Jun. 1983; Yuan-Qing Chen leg. • 4♀♀; Kangding, Paomashan; 30°02′41″N, 101°57′40″E; 2600 m a.s.l.; 27 Jun. 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg. • 1♂; Kangding, Jintang; 30°25′33″N, 102°17′03″E; 2200 m a.s.l.; 5 Jul. 2019; Ning Li leg.

Male: FL = 12.1‒13.1 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.2 mm; HL = 11.1‒12.2 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.0 mm. Female: FL = 12.3‒13.9 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.3 mm; HL = 11.3‒13.1 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.2 mm.

China: Sichuan.

This species resembles P. jinchuana, but is different from the latter by the posterior arms half (cf. one-third) length of the main plate.

The new species can be recognized by the following features: (1) forewing with broad apical band occasionally bearing two inner hyaline spots; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch and thin apical branch; marginal spot narrow or reduced; basal band broad; basal spots extremely reduced and faint (Fig. 22A‒B); (2) meso- and metanotum black, with narrow yellow brown mesal stripe (Fig. 22A‒B); (3) gonocoxites with approximately four stout setae on inner apex ventrally (Fig. 22F); (4) paramere intensively curved, hook-like on apical half, reaching two-thirds of gonocoxite (Fig. 22G); (5) main plate of medigynium broad; a pair of lateral basal plates extended from base to middle of main plate; extended beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly (Fig. 22K‒L).

The specific name is derived from the Latin uncinata (hooked), referring to the hooked parameres.

Holotype: CHINA – Shanxi Prov. • ♂; Yuncheng, Shunwangping; 2000 m a.s.l.; 30 Jun. 2019; Kai Gao leg. Paratypes: CHINA – Shanxi Prov. • 1♀; same data as for holotype. • 1♂, 2♀♀; Linfen, Anziping Forest Farm; 1800 m a.s.l.; 1 Jul. 2019; Kai Gao leg. • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Huozhou, Qiliyu; 2 Jul. 2019; Kai Gao leg. – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♀; Ankang, Zhenping; 18 Aug. 2018; Lin Lyu leg. – Henan Prov. • 2♂♂; Jiyuan, Wangwushan; 1700 m a.s.l.; 29 May 2019; Kai Gao leg. – Hubei Prov. • 1♂; Shennongjia, Yemahe; 1600 m a.s.l.; 29 Jul. 2016; Ji-Shen Wang leg. • 1♂; Badong, Tiechanghuang; 8 Jun. 2016; Ji-Shen Wang leg.

Measurements. Male: FL = 12.1–12.9 mm, FW = 3.2–3.4 mm; HL = 10.9–11.5 mm, HW = 3.1–3.3 mm. Female: FL = 12.1–13.6 mm, FW = 3.1–3.4 mm; HL = 11.0–12.3 mm, HW = 2.9–3.2 mm.

Male: Head (Fig. 22A, C): Frons, vertex and occiput yellowish brown. Black band through ocellar triangle not extending to compound eyes. Rostrum yellow, with labrum dark brown. Maxillary and labial palps mostly brown, with distal segments dark brown. Antennal scape yellowish brown basally and dark brown apically; flagellum dark brown, filiform, with 33–38 flagellomeres. Thorax (Fig. 22A, D): Pronotum black, with 10–12 stout setae along anterior margin. Meso- and metanotum black, with narrower yellow brown mesal stripe; scutella yellow brown. Pleura pale yellow. Legs light yellowish brown, with distal tarsomere blackish. Wings (Fig. 22A): Membrane hyaline, with markings dark brown. Forewing with apical band broad, bearing one or two hyaline spots, smaller one between R_2b and R₃, and larger one between R₅ and M₂; pterostigmal band complete, with basal branch approximately twice as wide as apical branch; marginal spot variable: slender; split into two spots, not extended to M; or greatly reduced in some individuals; basal band broad; basal spots greatly reduced. Hindwing similar to forewing in coloration and pattern, but with marginal and basal spots much reduced, apical band usually bearing one hyaline spot in posterior portion. Abdomen (Fig. 22A, D): T2–T5 black brown to black. Notal organ of T3 flat triangular, covering acute postnotal organ on T4. A6 with basal two-thirds black, distal third yellow, projected and setose on dorsal apex. A7 and A8 uniformly yellow, slightly constricted basally. Genitalia (Fig. 22E–I): Genital bulb elliptical, yellow. Epandrium broad, with deep terminal emargination, bearing numerous setae. Cercus clavate, yellow brown basally and dark brown distally. Hypandrium with shortened basal stalk and pair of hypovalves; hypovalves broad, with basal half narrower, extending to three-quarters length of gonocoxites, bearing row of long bristles along inner margin. Gonocoxite mostly with four stout setae on inner apex ventrally. Gonostylus with obtuse triangular median tooth and large basal cup. Parameres slender, crossed mesally, intensively curved, hook-like, reaching two-thirds length of gonocoxites. Dorsal valves of aedeagus elongate, each with enlarged dorsal process on subapical portion dorsally. Ventral valves shortened. Lateral processes distinct, triangular. — Female: Similar to male in wing markings (Fig. 22B). Genitalia (Fig. 22J–L): Subgenital plate ligulate, narrow basally, broadest medially, and narrowed towards apex, with shallow V-shaped terminal emargination, bearing long setae on caudal and lateral margins. Medigynium with well-developed broad main plate. Pair of lateral basal plates extended from base to middle of main plate. Posterior arm one-third length of main plate, forming broad U-shaped emargination. Axis bifurcated, elongated, extended anteriorly beyond main plate for half of its length, with posterior slightly extruded.

China: Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi.

This new species resembles P. yangi, especially in the intensively curved, hook-like parameres, but can be readily differentiated from the latter by: (1) meso- and metanotum black, bearing a narrow (cf. very broad) yellow mesal stripe; (2) basal spots extremely reduced and faint (cf. large and distinct).

This species can be recognized from by the following features: (1) forewing with broad apical band bearing one hyaline spot posteriorly; pterostigmal and basal bands complete, broad; marginal and basal spots large, conspicuous (2) meso- and metanotum mostly yellowish brown and anterior margin blackish brown laterally; in males, (3) ventral termination of gonocoxites wavy, bearing 3‒6 long setae on inner portion; (4) parameres very slender, intensively curved, hook-like on apical halves, reaching two-thirds length of gonocoxites; in females, (5) main plate of medigynium approximately rectangular, twice as long as wide; a pair of simple lateral basal plates extending from base to middle of main plate; axis extended beyond main plate for two-thirds of its length anteriorly.

CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Ganquan, Qingquangou;13 Aug. 1971; Chi-Kun Yang leg.; • 2 ♂♂ (Paratypes); same data as holotype • 5♂♂, 2♀♀; Shibao Forest Farm, Dayuangou; 1433 m a.s.l.; 5 Aug. 2016; Kai Gao & Shi-Xiang Jiang leg. • 1♀; Qigan Temple; 35°44′59″N, 109°53′33″E; 1622 m a.s.l.; 4 Jul. 2020; Kai Gao leg. • 12♂♂, 10♀♀; Fuxian, Zhangjiawan Forest Farm; 36°3′36″N, 108°51′25″E; 1027 m a.s.l.; 28 Jul. 2016; Kai Gao & Shi-Xiang Jiang leg. • 4♂♂, 11♀♀; Niuwu Forest Farm, Shaowan Reservoir; 36°5′17″N, 109°30′02″E; 1042‒1078 m a.s.l.; 1 Aug 2016; Kai Gao & Shi-Xiang Jiang leg. • 1♂; Xunyi, Shimen, Liangjiawan; 35°3′43″N, 108°32′16″E; 1520 m a.s.l.; 3 Jul. 2019; Meng-Di Li leg. • 3♂♂, 4♀♀; Ziwuling; 1‒4 Jul. 2019; Jian Shen leg.

Male: FL = 9.4‒10.6 mm, FW = 2.4‒2.6 mm; HL = 8.4‒9.5 mm, HW = 2.3‒2.5 mm. Female: FL = 9.6‒11.5 mm, FW = 2.5‒2.8 mm; HL = 8.7‒10.5 mm, HW = 2.4‒2.7 mm.

China: Shaanxi.

This species resembles P. neospinosa in wing markings, but can be differentiated from the latter by meso- and metanotum mostly yellowish brown (cf. blackish brown with pale yellow mesal stripe) and hook-like (cf. S-shaped) parameres.

This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) forewing with apical band broad, bearing large hyaline spot on posterior margin; pterostigmal band with basal branch broad, and apical branch greatly reduced; basal band reduced into large spot near anal margin; marginal spot absent or as 1–3 small spots (Fig. 23A‒B); (2) meso- and metanotum blackish brown, with prominent pale yellow mesal stripe (Fig. 23A‒B); in males, (3) inner apex of gonocoxites oblique, with 6–8 dark brown setae (Fig. 23E); (4) parameres twisted in S-shape, crossed mesally (Fig. 23E‒F); in females, (5) medigynium with broad main plate and pair of lateral basal plates on middle portion; posterior arms one-third as long as main plate, axis extended beyond main plate for half of its length, with posterior slightly extruded (Fig. 23J‒K).

The specific name refers to the type locality, Yaoluoping, Yuexi, Anhui.

Holotype: CHINA – Anhui Prov. • ♂; Yuexi, Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve; 18 Aug. 2013; Qiu-Lei Men leg. Paratypes: CHINA – Anhui Prov. • 3♂♂, 5♀♀; same data as holotype.

Male: FL = 11.4–12.0 mm, FW = 2.9–3.1 mm; HL = 10.3–11.2 mm, HW = 2.8–3.0 mm. Female: FL = 11.3–12.1 mm, FW = 3.1–3.2 mm; HL = 10.1–11.1 mm, HW = 3.0–3.1 mm.

Male: Head (Fig. 23A, C): Frons, ocellar triangle, vertex and occiput dark blown. Rostrum yellowish; labrum yellowish brown. Labial and maxillary palps yellowish basally, gradually darkening toward apex, with apical segment dark brown. Antennal scape yellowish brown; flagellum brownish black, filiform with 39–42 flagellomeres. Thorax (Fig. 23A, D): Pronotum dark brown, with 10–14 black setae along anterior margin; meso- and metanotum dark brown, with pale yellow fusiform mesal stripe; scutella pale yellow. Pleura yellow. Legs yellowish brown, with distal tarsomere dark brown. Wings (Fig. 23A): Membrane hyaline, with brown markings. Forewing with apical band broad, bearing large hyaline spot on posterior margin; pterostigmal band with basal branch broad and apical branch greatly reduced; marginal spot absent or divided into 1–3 small spots; basal band reduced into large spot from M to anal margin; basal spot absent. Hindwing similar to forewing, but with relatively reduced markings. Marginal spot absent or faint; basal band smaller, usually not reaching anal margin. Abdomen (Fig. 23A, D): T2‒T5 dark to black brown. Notal organ of T3 flat, covering acute postnotal organ on T4. A6 dark brown on basal two-thirds and yellow distally, projected on dorsal apex, with sparse long yellow setae. A7 and A8 elongate, uniformly yellow, constricted basally. Genitalia (Fig. 23E‒G): Genital bulb oval, yellow. Epandrium broad basally, with square, deep terminal emargination, bearing dense setae distally. Cercus long clavate, slightly expanded towards apex. Hypandrium with shortened basal stalk, with pair of long strip-like hypovalves; each hypovalve rounded at apex, bearing long bristles along apical half on inner margin, not reaching apex of gonocoxites. Inner margin of gonocoxite oblique apically, with 6–8 stout setae. Gonostylus with large basal cup and obtuse triangular median tooth on inner margin. Parameres twisted in S-shape, crossed mesally, bearing dense short spines on inner margin and whole distal portion, with apex pointed. Aedeagus with ventral valves greatly shortened; dorsal valves greatly elongated, strongly curved dorsally, constricted basally and expanded towards rounded apex; bearing bundle of long hairs ventrally on basal third and enlarged dorsal process near middle. Lateral process distinctly triangular. — Female: Similar to male in wing patterns (Fig. 23B). Genitalia (Fig. 23H‒K): Subgenital plate broad subbasally, narrowed towards apex, bearing long setae on caudal and lateral margins. Medigynium with broad main plate, pair of lateral basal plates on middle portion; posterior arms one-third as long as length of main plate, forming “water drop”-shaped emargination; axis with pair of small sclerotized structures near central position of main plate, extended beyond main plate for approximately half of its length, with posterior slightly extruded.

China: Anhui.

This new species resembles P. huayuani and P. sexspinosa in general appearance, but can be readily differentiated from the latter two species by the following characters: (1) wing markings with basal band reduced into a large spot extending from M to anal margin in forewing (cf. complete); (2) occiput dark brown (cf. yellowish brown).