Tettigonia hartii Ball, 1901: 6, by original designation.

Small sharpshooters, from 3.2 to 5.7 mm in length. Overall coloration pale-yellow (Figs 2A, 4A, B, 5A, B, 8A, B), brown (Figs 1A, B, 2C) or black (Figs 2E, 6A, B), rarely reddish (Figs 23A, 30C), with pair of blackened spots behind ocelli (Figs 1A, 2A, C, E). Forewing (Fig. 1B) with only two anteapical cells, the outer one opened basally (Fig. 41H); with anteapical plexus of veins (Fig. 41J, K). Male genitalia with the stem of connective (Figs 1I, 6I, 8I) keeled and occurring as a separate sclerite, articulated anteriorly with connective arms and posteriorly with paraphysis arms. Aedeagus – anal tube connection with a lobate membrane (Fig. 44L). Aedeagus (Figs 1G, H, 6G, H, 8G, H) symmetrical, with shaft expanded dorsally; ventral margin often bearing serrated processes; apex rounded and often expanded, forming a hood-like structure. Paraphysis (Figs 1I, J, 6I, J, 8I, J) ramus long and slender, rectilinear or curved, articulated with a pair of parallel arms.

Figure 1. 

Ciminius albolineatus, male. A habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C head, frontal view; D pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; E valve and subgenital plates, ventral view; F connective and style, ventral view; G aedeagus, lateral view; H aedeagus, caudoventral view; I connective, stem and paraphysis, lateral view; J paraphysis, dorsal view. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 2. 

Ciminius albolineatus color variation in males, habitus in dorsal view (left) and frontal view (right). A, B specimen from Mato Grosso. C, D specimen from Rondônia. E, F specimen of Paraná. Scale Scale bars in mm.

Coloration : Overall coloration (Figs 1A–C, 2, 6A–C, 18, 23) from pale-yellow to brown, reddish or black. Crown (Figs 1A, 2A, C, E, 6A, 18A, 23A), in dorsal view, with contrasting areas. Face (Figs 1C, 2B, D, F, 6C, 18B, 23B) with paler bands between eyes and frontogenal suture, muscular impressions distinct. Clypeus, gena and lorum as in overall coloration or paler. Pronotum (Figs 1A, 2A, C, E, 6A, 18A, 23A), in dorsal view, anterior third with distinct paler marks and darkened arched or semi-arched maculae, with posterior third smoky paler, or entirely blackened. Mesonotum (Figs 1A, 2A, C, E, 6A, 18A, 23A), in dorsal view, yellow, usually with pair of darkened triangular maculae laterally, pair of darkened rounded maculae medially, yellow or black posteriorly to transverse sulcus. Forewing veins (Figs 1A, B, 2A, C, E, 6A, 18A, 23A) distinctly paler or indistinct. Abdomen (Figs 4B, 15A, B, 24A, B), in lateral view, entirely yellow, black, reddish or yellowish ventrally and darkened dorsally. Legs (Figs 1B, 2B, D, F, 6C, 18B, 23B) yellowish, metasternum usually darkened. — Head and thorax: (Figs 1A, 2A, C, E, G, 6A). Crown, in dorsal view, from slightly to moderately produced; anterior margin from broadly rounded to subtriangular, without concavities between ocelli; surface with texture slightly punctate, without fovea between eyes and ocelli, without carina on transition from crown to face. Median length of crown from 1/6 to 1/4 of transocular width, and from 2/7 to 1/2 of intraocular width. Ocelli located slightly before or aligned to imaginary line between anterior eye angles, slightly closer to adjacent eye angle than to median line. Frontogenal suture extending to crown, attaining ocelli. Antennal ledge, in dorsal view, not protuberant; in lateral view, slightly curved and oblique, not carinated. Frons, in lateral view, slightly oblique, not inflated medially; in frontal view, texture slightly punctate, muscular impressions distinct; epistomal suture complete. Clypeus, in frontal view, with apical margin rounded; in lateral view, continuing frons contour, without pubescence; Pronotum, in dorsal view, with width equivalent or slightly greater than transocular width, texture slightly rugose, without pubescence; in lateral view, dorsopleural carina complete or incomplete; in dorsal view, slightly rugose transversely anterior to transversal sulcus and smooth posteriorly. Forewing (Figs 1A, B, 2A, C, E, 6A, B, 8A, B) opaque, without sculpting; membrane indistinct; veins distinct and elevated; with only two anteapical cells, of which the outer one is open basally; with four apical cells, fourth presenting a plexus of additional veins, with basis slightly more proximal to clavus apex; appendix narrow and extending almost to third apical cell. Hind leg with femoral setal formula 2 : 1 : 0; first tarsomere shorter than combined length of two more distal tarsomeres, with two parallel longitudinal rows of small setae on plantar surface. Abdomen (Fig. 42C) sternite II with pair of small triangular inner apodemes. Male terminalia: Pygofer (Figs 1D, 6D, 8D), in lateral view, moderately produced, without processes; posterior margin from broadly to narrowly rounded; macrosetae distributed on entire disk; microsetae along posterior margin. Valve (Figs 1E, 6E, 8E), in ventral view, transverse and slender, anterior and posterior margins subparallel; lateral margins rounded (Fig. 1E) or acute (Fig. 6E). Subgenital plate, in ventral view (Figs 1E, 6E, 8E), not fused to its counterpart, triangular, narrowing gradually towards apex; outer margin with uniseriate row of macrosetae and microsetae on apical third; in lateral view (Figs 1D, 6D, 8D), attaining or slightly surpassing half of pygofer. Style (Figs 1F, 6F, 8F), in dorsal view, extending posteriorly as far as connective apex; with or without preapical lobe, apex distinctly sclerotized and truncated. Connective (Figs 1F, 6F, 8F), in dorsal view, u-shaped; arms as long as wide. Stem of connective (Figs 1I, 6I, 8I) keeled, occurring as a separate sclerite, connecting anteriorly to connective and posteriorly to paraphysis arms, not well sclerotized. Aedeagus – anal tube connection, with a lobated membrane (Fig. 44L). Aedeagus (Figs 1G, 6G, 8G), symmetrical; directed posteroventrally; shaft from slightly protuberant to strongly protuberant, rarely forming lobate process on dorsal margin; ventral margin bearing or not serrated processes preapically, medially or along entire margin; apex rounded, often expanded forming a hood-like structure; in caudoventral view (Figs 1H, 6H, 8H), often compressed, apex rounded, opened medially as the gonopore exit. Paraphysis (Figs 1I, 6I, 8I), in lateral view, with pair of symmetrical short arms directed dorsally; articulated with a long slender ramus directed posterodorsally or posteroventrally; curved or rectilinear; bearing or not a conspicuously preapical constriction on ventral margin; apex (Figs 1I, J, 6I, J, 8I, J) acute or subacute. — Female terminalia: Sternite VII (Figs 3A, C, 7A, C, 9A, C), in ventral view, from 1.6 to 2.2× wider than long; lateral margins subparallel, slightly rounded posteriorly; posterior margin with an acute, truncate or rounded median lobe, from nearly indistinct to strongly distinctly, on either side of which is often shallowly excavated. Pygofer (Figs 3B, 7B, 9B), in lateral view, moderately produced, posterior margin rounded; macrosetae distributed along ventral and posterior margins. First valvifer (Figs 3D, 7D, 9D) wide, broadly rounded. Valvula I (Figs 3D, E, 7, E, 9D, E) broad, almost straight; dorsal sculpted area strigate, extending from basal portion to apex; ventral sculpted area restricted to apical portion, scale-like. Valvula II (Figs 3F–H, 7F–H, 9F–H) expanded dorsally beyond basal curvature; dorsal and ventral margins rectilinear; blade with 12–18 continuous triangular or subtriangular teeth, with or without distinct gap on anterior margin of teeth and each tooth receiving one to three ducts; denticles distributed in posterior margin of teeth and on ventral and dorsal margins of apical portion; without preapical prominence on ventral margin. Gonoplac (Figs 3I, J, 7I, J, 9I, J) narrow; expanded dorsally on apical half; outer surface with tiny denticuli on apical portion, apex rounded.

Figure 3. 

Ciminius albolineatus, female. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view; B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view; C sternite VII, ventral view; D first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view; E apical portion of first valvula; F second valvula, lateral view; G median portion of second valvula; H apical portion of second valvula; I second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view; J apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 4. 

Ciminius callosa, holotype female. A habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C habitus, ventral view; D labels. Scale bar in mm.

Figure 5. 

Ciminius hartii, lectotype female. A habitus, lateral view; B habitus, dorsal view; C head, ventral view; D genital capsule, ventral view; E labels. Scale bar in mm.

Figure 6. 

Ciminius hartii, male. A habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C head, frontal view; D pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; E valve and subgenital plates, ventral view; F connective and style, ventral view; G aedeagus, lateral view; H aedeagus, caudoventral view; I connective, stem and paraphysis, lateral view; J paraphysis, dorsal view. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 7. 

Ciminius hartii, female. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view; B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view; C sternite VII, ventral view; D first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view; E apical portion of first valvula; F second valvula, lateral view; G median portion of second valvula; H apical portion of second valvula; I second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view; J apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 8. 

Ciminius platensis, male. A habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C head, frontal view; D pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; E valve and subgenital plates, ventral view; F connective and style, ventral view; G aedeagus, lateral view; H aedeagus, caudoventral view; I connective, stem and paraphysis, lateral view; J paraphysis, dorsal view. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 9. 

Ciminius platensis, female. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view; B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view; C sternite VII, ventral view; D first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view; E apical portion of first valvula; F second valvula, lateral view; G median portion of second valvula; H apical portion of second valvula; I second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view; J apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Ciminius specimens have resemblances in the male genitalia to Arcanus gen. nov. and Tylozygus, especially in the morphology of the connective, but Ciminius can be promptly differentiated from them and from all the Cicadellini by the forewing presenting only two anteapical cells, with the outer one opened basally, and with a plexus of veins anteapically. Amongst all the New World Cicadellini, only Ciminius and Hadria Metcalf and Bruner, 1936 presents two anteapical cells, but in the latter, both are opened basally. In addition, Hadria specimens present a bright colorful aspect and their distribution is restricted to Cuba, Haiti and Dominican Republic (McKamey 2007).

The distribution is based on Young (1977), McKamey (2007), the Catálogo da Fauna Brasileira, and specimens deposited at DZUP:

C. albolineatus (Taschenberg, 1884). Argentina, Brazil (Goiás [new record], Mato Grosso [new record], Paraná [new record], Rondônia [new record], Roraima [new record], São Paulo), Bolívia, Cuba, El Salvador, French Guiana, Isle of Pines, Panama, Venezuela.

C. autumnalis sp. nov. Brazil (Paraná).

C. callosa (Osborn, 1926). Bolivia.

C. dissidens sp. nov. Brazil (Paraná).

C. hartii (Ball, 1901). Cuba, Mexico, United States (Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia).

C. platensis (Berg, 1879). Argentina, Brazil (Bahia [new record], Ceará [new record], Espírito Santo [new record], Mato Grosso do Sul [new record], Minas Gerais [new record], Paraná [new record], Pernambuco [new record], Piauí [new record], Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul [new record], São Paulo), Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela.

C. sesamum sp. nov. Brazil (Paraná).

C. sidanus (Ball, 1936). Mexico, United States (Arizona).

C. taosus (Ball, 1936). United States (New Mexico).

C. yana Young, 1977. Argentina, Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná [new record], Rondônia, São Paulo [new record]).

Body pale yellow (Figs 1A–C, 2A, B, 27A, B), brown (Fig. 2C, D) or black (Figs 2E, F, 27C, D). Aedeagus (Fig. 1G, H) with basis of dorsal margin and apex rounded; ventral margin deeply excavated, without serrated processes. Paraphysis (Fig. 1I, J) curved ventrally, with a distinct preapical constriction on ventral margin.

Measurements : Total length: males (n = 20): 3.6–4.4 mm, females (n = 20): 4.0–4.6 mm. — Crown: (Figs 1A, 2A, C, E, 27A, C), in dorsal view, slightly produced, anterior margin broadly rounded. Median length of crown from 1/4 to 1/2 of intraocular width, and 1/4 of transocular width. Pronotum width slightly greater than transocular width. Other features as in generic description. — Coloration: Overall coloration (Figs 1A–C, 2, 27A–D) from pale-yellow to black. Crown (Figs 1A, 2A, C, E, 27A, C), in dorsal view, with distinct paler areas. Face (Figs 1C, 2B, D, F, 27B, D) with a pale band between eyes and frontogenal suture, muscular impressions yellow, often a pale longitudinal band medially. Clypeus yellow. Gena and lorum as in overall coloration or paler. Pronotum (Figs 1A, 2A, C, E, 27A, C), in dorsal view, anterior third with distinct paler marks and darkened arched or semi-arched maculae, posterior third smoky paler. Mesonotum (Figs 1A, 2A, C, E, 27A, C), in dorsal view, yellow, usually with pair of darkened triangular maculae laterally, pair of darkened rounded maculae medially, sometimes smoky, and usually with a smoky darkened band on transverse sulcus. Forewing veins (Figs 1A, B, 2A, C, E, 27A, C) distinctly paler, rarely indistinct. Abdomen (Fig. 3B), in lateral view, yellowish ventrally and darkened dorsally. Legs (Fig. 1B) yellowish, metasternum usually darkened. Specimens with overall color black (Figs 2E, F, 27C, D), with similar marks and maculae as described in pale-yellow coloration, but sometimes less distinct, abdomen entire black and legs smoky darkened. Females very rarely black. — Male terminalia: Pygofer (Fig. 1D), in lateral view, posterior margin broadly rounded. Subgenital plate (Fig. 1D), in lateral view, attaining pygofer half-length. Valve, (Fig. 1E), in ventral view, margins subparallel and lateral margins rounded. Style (Fig. 1F), in dorsal view, with preapical lobe. Aedeagus (Fig. 1G, H), in lateral view, dorsal margin of shaft from slight to broadly rounded; ventral margin excavated basally and expanded distally, without processes; apex broadly rounded. Paraphysis (Fig. 1I, J), in lateral view, curved ventrally, attaining pygofer apical third, with conspicuous preapical constriction on ventral margin and apex acute. Other features as in generic description. — Female terminalia: Sternite VII (Fig. 3A–C), in ventral view, 1.8× wider than long, posterior margin with a slight median lobe. Valvula II (Fig. 3F–H) blade with 14 continuous triangular serrated teeth, without distinct gap in anterior margin of teeth. Other features (Fig. 3D, E, I, J) as in generic description.

BRAZIL – Mato Grosso • 3♂♂, 1♀; Chapada; Nov. 1963; M. Alvarenga leg.; DZUP • 1♂, 1♀; Chapada dos Guimarães; 19 Nov. 1983; Exc. Dep. Zool. UFPR leg.; Polonoroeste; DZUP • 1♀; Cáceres; 3 Apr. 1985; C. Elias leg.; Polonoroeste; DZUP • 1♀; Diamantino; 16 Feb. 1965; S. Laroca leg.; DZUP • 16♂♂, 12♀♀; Nova Ubiratã, E.S.E.C. Rio Ronuro; 13.1122°S, 54.4436°W; 330 m; light trap; 11–16 Jun. 2017; R.R. Cavichioli & A.C. Domahovski leg.; DZUP • 1♀; same collection data as for preceding; areia rio; DZUP • 15♂♂, 22♀♀; Novo Mundo, Parque Estadual do Cristalino; 09.4517°S, 55.8396°W; 240 m; light trap; 21–25 Jun. 2017; R.R. Cavichioli & A.C. Domahovski leg.; DZUP • 1♀; same collection data as for preceding; sweep; DZUP • 1♀; 11 km south of Rio Verde; 5 Nov. 2003; Mielke & Casagrande leg.; DZUP – Roraima • 1♂; Tepequém, Amajari; 820 m; 14–15 Jul. 2009; O.M. Mielke & M.M. Casagrande leg.; DZUP. – Rondônia • 8♂♂, 6♀♀; Guaporé; 12°16’05”S, 60°42’30”W; light trap; 23 Apr. 2006; J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier F. leg.; DZUP. – Paraná • 1♂, 1♀; Foz do Iguaçu; 11 Dec. 1966; Exc. Dept. Zool. leg.; DZUP. • 1♂; Foz do Iguaçu; 3 Dec. 1966; Exc. Dept. Zool. leg.; DZUP • 2♂♂; Tibagi, Parque Estadual do Guartelá; 1000 m; 24°33’47”S, 50°15’26”W; sweep; 21–24 Feb. 2017; A.C. Domahovski leg.; DZUP • 6♂♂; Tibagi, Parque Estadual do Guartelá; 980 m; 24°33’42”S, 50°13’31”W; 11–16 Jan. 2024; A. Paladini, L. Alasmar & A.C. Domahovski leg.; DZUP • 5♂; Curitiba, Centro Politécnico, UFPR; 20–25 Jan. 2022; sweep; A.C. Domahovski & L. Alasmar leg.; DZUP • 1♂, 2♀♀; Curitiba, Centro Politécnico, UFPR; 25°26’49”S, 49°13’54”W; 925 m; 22–25 Nov. 2022; A.C. Domahovski leg.; DZUP • 3♂♂; Curitiba, Centro Politécnico, UFPR; Apr. 2023; L. Alasmar leg.; DZUP • 15♂♂, 6♀♀; Ponta Grossa, Parque Estadual de Vila Velha; 25.247579°S, 49.992188°W; 930m; sweep; 14 Dec. 2022; A.P. Pinto, A.C. Domahovski, L. Alasmar, J. Ehlert & L.P. Aguiar leg.; DZUP. São Paulo • 1♂, 1♀; São José do Barreiro, Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina, near lodging; 22.733757°S, 44.616643°W; 1522 m; sweep; 9–11 Jan. 2023; A.P. Pinto, A.C. Domahovski, J. Ehlert & L.P. Aguiar leg.; DZUP.

Specimens of C. albolineatus and C. platensis are the most abundant species amongst all studied specimens, and have external resemblances to each other, but they can be differentiated by the male genitalia characters presented in the former as: aedeagus with ventral margin lacking processes and paraphysis curved ventrally, with ventral margin bearing a preapical constriction. The specimens of C. albolineatus collected in “Centro Politécnico, UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná” and “Parque Estadual Vila Velha, Ponta Grossa, Paraná” presented a great number of males and a few females with black coloration. Even when specimens are black, they present the forewings with veins paler, unlike the other black specimens of Ciminius, like C. hartii, C. dissidens sp. nov.. males, and C. sesamum sp. nov. which present the veins mostly concolor with the membrane. Until the present moment, this species presents the only occurrence of black females for the genus.

Overall coloration (Fig. 4A, B) pale-yellow. Crown, face and pronotum anterior third (Fig. 4A) with distinct brownish areas. Forewings (Fig. 4A, B) brownish, with paler veins. Abdomen (Fig. 4C) yellow, with darkened areas. Female abdominal sternite VII (Fig. 4C) wider than long, with lateral margins slightly rounded posteriorly and with a slightly rounded median lobe.

Coloration : Overall coloration (Fig. 4A, B) pale-yellow. Crown (Fig. 4A), in dorsal view, with distinct brownish areas. Face (Fig. 4C) with a brownish band between eyes and frontogenal suture, muscular impressions yellow, often a pale longitudinal band medially. Pronotum (Fig. 4A), in dorsal view, anterior third with distinct darker marks and a darkened arched or semi-arched maculae, posterior third smoky brown. Mesonotum (Fig. 4A), in dorsal view, yellow, usually with a pair of darkened triangular maculae laterally, a pair of darkened rounded maculae medially. Forewing (Fig. 4A, B) brownish, with veins distinctly paler. Abdomen (Fig. 4C), in ventral view, yellowish ventrally with darkened areas. Legs (Fig. 4B, C) yellowish, metasternum slightly darker. — Male: Unknown. — Female genitalia: Sternite VII (Fig. 4C), in ventral view, wider than long; lateral margins subparallel, slightly rounded posteriorly; posterior margin with a slight and rounded median lobe.

Holotype : BOLIVIA • ♀; Puerto Suarez; 150 m; J. Steinbach leg.; CMNH-IZ 724,504; CMNZ.

Cicadella callosa was described based on a female holotype analyzed herein, and a female paratype, both from Bolivia. In the original description, a male allotype was designed, from Bom Fin, probably misspelled from the municipality of Bonfim, in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. Young (1977) transferred Cicadella callosa to Ciminius, reporting the close assemblance of the female abdominal sternites VII of C. callosa holotype and his illustration of C. platensis. The overall coloration of C. callosa holotype is similar to any other Ciminius representant, except C. dissidens sp. nov. and the black form females of C. albolineatus. Compared to the original description, the male allotype from Bahia overall coloration is similar to any other pale-yellow male found in the genus. The male genitalia capsule of C. callosa allotype was illustrated only externally in ventral view, originally described without any useful features that could be used for its identification. After the original work, in 1926, no other representative of this species was reported.

Coloration of males (Fig. 6A, B) black and females (Figs 5A, B, 28E) pale-yellow. Males (Fig. 6A) usually without yellowish marks on crown and pronotum, if present, restrict to pronotum anterior margin. Aedeagus (Fig. 6G, H) ventral margin expanded, not excavated basally and without processes; apex expanded forming a hood-like structure. Paraphysis (Fig. 6I, J) directed posterodorsally, rectilinear.

Measurements : Total length: males (n = 3) 3.9–4.1 mm; females (n = 3) 5.1–5.3 mm. — Crown: (Figs 5B, 6A, 28E), in dorsal view, slightly produced, anterior margin subtriangular. Median length of crown from 2/5 to 1/2 of intraocular width, and 1/4 of transocular width. Pronotum width approximately equal to transocular width. Ocelli located slightly posteriorly of imaginary line between anterior eyes angles. Other features as in generic description. — Coloration: Females, with overall coloration pale-yellow (Figs 5A, 28E, F), similar to described in C. albolineatus. Males black (Fig. 6A–C). Crown and pronotum (Fig. 6A) entirely black. Face (Fig. 6C) with yellow areas on muscular impressions. Clypeus, gena and lorum yellowed. Mesonotum (Fig. 6A) black. Forewings (Fig. 6A, B) veins concolor, indistinct. Legs (Fig. 6B) yellow. Abdomen, in lateral view, blackened, bordered with yellow. — Male terminalia: Pygofer (Fig. 6D), in lateral view, posterior margin broadly rounded. Subgenital plate (Fig. 6D), in lateral view, slightly surpass half of pygofer. Valve (Fig. 6E), in ventral view, margins subparallel, lateral margins acute anteriorly. Style (Fig. 6F), in dorsal view, with a slight dentate process medially in outer margin. Aedeagus (Fig. 6G, H), in lateral view, shaft protuberant dorsally; ventral margin rugulose anteriorly; apical portion expanding to a rounded apex. Paraphysis (Fig. 6I), in lateral view, directed posterodorsally, rectilinear, reaching pygofer apical third; dorsal and ventral margins subparallel, slightly constricted subapically; apex acute; in dorsal view (Fig. 6J), sinuous preapically. Other features as in generic description. — Female genitalia: Sternite VII (Figs 5D, 7A–C), in ventral view, almost 2× wider than long, posterior margin with a distinctly acute median lobe. Valvula II (Fig. 7F–H) blade with 19 continuous subtriangular serrated teeth. Other features (Fig. 7D, E, I, J) as in generic description.

Lectotype (Fig. 4): UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Mississippi • 1♀; 1945; Oman leg.; USNMENT 01513860; USNM.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Florida • 1♂, 1♀; Hudson; 13 Jul. 1939; Oman leg.; USNM • 1♂; Dunellon 7 Oct. 1938; Oman leg.; USNM • 1♂; New Port Ritchey; 7. Oct. 1938; Oman leg.; USNM • 1♀; Sof Picnic; 8 Oct. 1938; Oman leg.; USNM • 1♀; Sanford; 22 July. 1939; Oman leg.; USNM.

Ciminius hartii resembles externally to C. yana, C. sesamum sp. nov., and males of C. dissidens sp. nov.., but differs from them by the aedeagus not presenting any lobated process on dorsal margin nor serrated processes on ventral margin. Otherwise, the paraphysis is rectilinear, unlikely in C. yana and C. dissidens sp. nov.. Ciminius hartii is the most abundant species amongst Nearctic Ciminius reported in literature and in museum collections.

Coloration pale-yellow (Figs 8A–C, 28G, H). Aedeagus (Fig. 8G, H) bearing from two to three large teeth on median third of ventral margin, apex expanded, broadly rounded, forming a hood-like structure. Paraphysis (Fig. 8I) almost rectilinear in lateral view, directed posterodorsally, apex acute; in dorsal view (Fig. 8J), broad at base, strongly narrowing towards apex.

Measurements : Total length: males (n = 20) 4.0–4.6 mm, females (n = 20) 4.5–5.5 mm. — Crown: (Figs 8A, 28G), in dorsal view, slightly produced, anterior margin from broadly rounded to subtriangular; median length of crown from 3/8 to 1/2 of intraocular width, and about 1/4 of transocular width. Pronotum width slightly greater than transocular width. Ocelli aligned to imaginary line between anterior eye angles. Other features as in generic description. — Coloration: Overall coloration pale-yellow (Figs 8A–C, 28G, H), as described for C. albolineatus. — Male terminalia: Pygofer (Fig. 8D), in lateral view, posterior margin from broadly to narrowly rounded. Subgenital plate (Fig. 8D), in lateral view, slightly exceeding posteriorly half-length of pygofer. Valve (Fig. 8E), in ventral view, anterior and posterior margins subparallel; lateral margins narrowly rounded anteriorly. Style (Fig. 8F), in dorsal view, without preapical lobe. Aedeagus (Fig. 8G, H), in lateral view, shaft expanded on basal half, ventral margin bearing two or three large teeth medially, apical portion expanded, apex rounded, forming a hood-like structure. Paraphysis (Fig. 8I, J), in lateral view, directed posterodorsally, rectilinear, dorsal and ventral margins subparallel, not attaining pygofer apical third, apex acute. Other features as in generic description. — Female terminalia: Sternite VII (Fig. 9A–C), in ventral view, 1.6× wider than long, posterior margin with a slight median lobe. Valvula II (Fig. 9F–H) blade with 12 continuous triangular serrated teeth, with a distinct gap in anterior margin of teeth. Other features (Fig. 9D, E, I, J) as in generic description.

BRAZIL – Rio Grande do Sul • 1♂; Areias Brancas, Torres; Fev.1983; K. Zanol leg.; DZUP • 3♀♀; Águas Belas, Viamão, 3–4 Mar.1980; K. Zanol leg.; DZUP • 1♂; Santa Maria, UFSM; 29°43’02.2”S, 53°43’07”W; 08 Fev. 2023; C.V. Rodrigues, F.D. Souza, G. Flores leg.; DZUP. – Paraná • 6♂, 6♀ Curitiba, Mar. 1983, Cavichioli leg.; DZUP • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; Sakakibara leg.; DZUP • 1♂, 7♀♀ same collection data as for preceding; A.M.S. e R.R.C. leg.; DZUP • 1♂, 1♀ same collection data as for preceding; Mar. 1982; Sakakibara leg.; DZUP • 1♂; Piraquara, Mananciais da Serra; 25°29’47”S, 48°58’54”W; 1021 m; 20 Feb. 2022; A.P. Pinto, J. Ehlert & L. Polizeli leg.; DZUP • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Curitiba, Centro Politécnico, UFPR, grasslands fields near Biológicas Departament; 20–25 Jan. 2022; Sweep; A.C. Domahovski & L. Alasmar; DZUP • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Diamante do Norte, E.E. Caiuá; 14 Dec. 2012; M. Savaris & S. Lampert leg.; Luiz de Queiroz trap; DZUP • 1♂, 7♀♀; Umuarama; Feb. 1986, A.F. Yamamoto leg.; DZUP • 1♂, 1♀; Porecatu; 20 Oct. 1970, Becker-Hatschback leg.; DZUP • 1♂, 9♀; Ponta Grossa, P.E. Vila Velha; 25.247579°S, 49.992188°W; 930 m; 14 Dec. 2022, A.P. Pinto, A.C. Domahovski, L. Alasmar, J. Ehlert & L.P. Aguiar leg.; Sweep; DZUP • 8♂♂, 1♀; São José dos Pinhais; 25°36’18’’S, 49°11’37’’W; 880 m; 06 May 2023; A.C. Domahovski leg.; sweep; DZUP • 3♂♂, 1♀; Tuneiras do Oeste, REBIO das Perobas; 01–04 APr. 2024; A.C. Domahovski & L. Alasmar; sweep; DZUP. – Espírito Santo • 1♂; Linhares, Res. Vale Rio Doce, main station; 19.0905°S, 40.0410°W; 56 m; 07 May 2007; J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier F. leg.; light; DZUP • 1♂, 3♀♀; Linhares; Sep. 1972; M. Alvarenga, leg.; DZUP. – Minas Gerais • 2♂♂, 4♀♀; Águas Vermelhas; Dec. 1983; M. Alvarenga leg.; DZUP • 2♂♂, 12♀♀; São Gonçalo Rio Abaixo, Estação Ambiental Peti-Cemig; 15 Apr. 2013; 19°53’02”S, 43°22’21”W; A. Lima, A.F. Kumagai & P. Dias leg.; light; DZUP • 1♀; Lavras, Campus UFLA, 16–18 Sep. 2013, ~905 m, 21°13’50”S, 44°58’32”W, M.N. Morales leg.; Malaise; DZUP. – Mato Grosso do Sul • 3♂♂, 5♀♀; Porto Murtinho; 07 Dec. 2012; M. Savaris & S. Lampert leg.; light trap; DZUP. – Alagoas • 1♂ Jacaré dos Homens; 9.662725°S, 37.233245°W, Jun. 2024, S. Cajé & J. Duarte-De-Mélo leg; light; DZUP. – Bahia • 1♂, 11♀♀ Encruzilhada; Nov. 1974; 980 m; Alvarenga leg.; DZUP • 4♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; Dec. 1980; DZUP • 4♀♀; Senhor do Bonfim, Serra Santana; 10.23223°S, 40.1159°W; 520 m; 15 May 2007; J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier F., light; DZUP. – Ceará • 35♂♂, 27♀♀; Cratéus, RPPN Serra das Almas; 5.11°S, 40.87°W; 320 m; 18 Apr. 2014; Melo & Rosa; light trap; DZUP • 2♂♂, 1♀; same collection data as for preceding; 22 May 2014; DZUP • 3♂♂, 18♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; 4.8107°S, 38.9740°W; 220 m; 15 May 2014; DZUP • 2♂♂; Ubajara, PN de Ubajara, Park entry; 3°50’18,00”S, 40°53’54,00”W; 849 m; 23 Apr. 2012; Câmara, J.T. leg.; light trap; DZUP. – Paraíba • 4♂♂, 1♀; Mamanguape, Reserva Biológica Guaribas; 6.7421°S, 35.1426°W; 13–16 May 2023, A. Martins & G. Celante leg.; light trap; DZUP • 2♂♂, 5♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; sweep; DZUP • 1♂, 5♀♀; Pocinhos, Caatinga Km230, 7.1437°S, 36.1357°W; 15 May 2023; A.L. Martins leg.; sweep; DZUP. – Pernambuco • 3♂♂, 10♀; Afrânio; 08.3153°S, 41.0259°W; 550 m; 16 May 2007; J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier F. leg.; Manual; DZUP. – Piauí: 2♂♂, 9♀♀; Ubajara; 03°50’77”S, 40°53’53”W; 846 m; 22 Apr. 2012, R.R. Cavichioli leg.; light; DZUP • 1♀; Coronel José Dias, P.N. Serra da Capivara; 590 m; 08°44’3.89”S, 42°30’10.56”W; 08–12 Mar. 2016, R.M. Feitosa, G.P. Camacho & F.O. Marfins leg.; DZUP • 1♂; Piracuruca, PN de Sete Cidades, dormitory; 4°5’57,00”S, 41°42’34,00”W; 193 m; 18–19 Apr. 2012; Takiya, D.M. leg.; light; DZUP. – São Paulo • 5♂♂, 1♀; Marília; 22.18927°S, 49.92630°W; 18–20 Nov. 2022; L. Alasmar leg.; sweep; DZUP • 2♂♂ same collection data as for preceding; 22.19384°S, 49.92172°W; DZUP • 2♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; Condomínio Green Valley; 22.16342°S, 50.00271°W; 07 Jan. 2023; DZUP.

Ciminius platensis is a common species collected with sweeping net in open field grasses, and along with Ciminius autumnalis sp. nov. and C. sidanus, do not present male black specimens known. Ciminius platensis can be differentiated from the latter securely due to the aedeagus with few and large teeth ventrally and paraphysis rectilinear and short.

Coloration pale-yellow (Figs 10A, B, 11A, B, 29A), with longitudinal paler stripes on forewings and orangish marks on pronotum and mesonotum anterior thirds. Aedeagus (Fig. 11G, H) ventral margin with slightly rugosities preapically, shaft expanded, apical portion not expanded, apex rounded. Paraphysis (Fig. 11I, J) directed posterodorsally, rectilinear, dorsal and ventral margins subparallel.

Figure 10. 

Ciminius sidanus, holotype female and allotype male. A habitus lateral view, female holotype above, male allotype below; B female holotype habitus, dorsal view; C head, frontal view; D female holotype genital capsule, ventral view; E labels. Scale bar in mm.

Figure 11. 

Ciminius sidanus, male. A habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C head, frontal view; D pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; E valve and subgenital plates, ventral view; F connective and style, ventral view; G aedeagus, lateral view; H aedeagus, caudoventral view; I connective, stem and paraphysis, lateral view; J paraphysis, dorsal view. Scale bars in mm.

Measurements : Total length: males (n = 3) 3.8–4.0 mm; females (n = 3) 4.6–5.0 mm. — Head and thorax: Crown (Figs 10B, 11A, 29A), in dorsal view, slightly produced, anterior margin subtriangular or rounded. Median length of crown from 1/4 to 1/2 of intraocular width, and from 1/4 to 1/3 of transocular width. Pronotum width approximately equal to transocular width. Ocelli located slightly posteriorly of imaginary line between anterior eyes angles. Other features as in generic description. — Coloration: Overall coloration yellow. Crown (Figs 10B, 11A–C, 29A, B) with pair of small black spots at apex. Frons (Figs 10C, 11C, 29B) with darker areas on muscular impressions. Pronotum (Figs 10B, 11A, 29A) anterior third orangish, disc browned, posterior margin brown or yellow. Forewings (Figs 10A, B, 11A, B, 29A) brown to dark-brown, with longitudinal yellow stripes on lateral margins of clavus, anterior portion of M vein, and costal margin. Legs and abdomen (Figs 10A, B, D, 11B, 12A, B) without dark markings. — Male terminalia: Pygofer (Fig. 11D), in lateral view, posterior margin broadly rounded. Subgenital plate (Fig. 11D), in lateral view, attaining pygofer apical portion. Valve (Fig. 11E), in ventral view, margins subparallel, lateral margins acute anteriorly. Style (Fig. 11G), in dorsal view, with a slight dentate preapical process on outer margin. Aedeagus (Fig. 11G, H), in lateral view, shaft expanded, ventral margin with anteriorly projected process; apical portion slightly rugulose, apex rounded. Paraphysis (Fig. 11I), in lateral view, directed posterodorsally, rectilinear, reaching pygofer apical third; dorsal and ventral margins subparallel, apex subacute; in dorsal view (Fig. 11J), sinuous preapically. Other features as in generic description. — Female genitalia: Sternite VII (Figs 10D, 12A–C), in ventral view, 1.7× wider than long, posterior margin with a distinctly rounded median lobe. Valvula II (Fig. 12F–H) blade with 14 continuous subtriangular serrated teeth. Other features (Fig. 12D, E, I, J) as in generic description.

Figure 12. 

Ciminius sidanus, female. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view; B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view; C sternite VII, ventral view; D first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view; E apical portion of first valvula; F second valvula, lateral view; G median portion of second valvula; H apical portion of second valvula; I second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view; J apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Holotype (Fig. 9): UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Arizona • 1♀ Baboquivari; 8 Fev. 1931; Ball leg.; USNMENT 01513861; USNM

Other material. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – Arizona • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Altar Valley; 17 Oct. 1937; Oman leg.; USNM • 1♂, 1♀; Baboquivari; 8 Sep. 1935; E. D. Ball leg.; USNM.

Ciminius sidanus presents a unique coloration in Ciminius, which is responsible for its easy recognition. Otherwise, the male genitalia assemble with C. hartii differentiating in a few features, as the presence of rugosities basally on aedeagus ventral margin and aedeagus apex expanded, while in C. sidanus the rugosities are restricted to preapical portion and the aedeagus apex is not expanded in lateral view. Although the separation of these two species is possible using the coloration and male genitalia, the similarities between them are strong, which suggest the necessity of a future molecular analysis to confirm their status as separate species.

Overall coloration (Figs 13A, B, 15A, B, 29C) dark-brown to black with paler markings on crown, pronotum anterior third, and at least on veins of anterior portion of forewings. Aedeagus (14G), in lateral view, ventral margin rounded and expanded, with rugosities preapically; apical portion not expanded, apex rounded. Paraphysis (Figs 14I, J) directed posterodorsally, slightly curved dorsally, with dorsal and ventral margins subparallel, bearing a subapical constriction dorsally.

Figure 13. 

Ciminius taosus, holotype female. A habitus, lateral view; B habitus, dorsal view; C head, frontal view; D genital capsule, ventral view; E labels. Scale bar in mm.

Figure 14. 

Ciminius taosus, male. A habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C head, frontal view; D pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; E valve and subgenital plates, ventral view; F connective and style, ventral view; G aedeagus, lateral view; H aedeagus, caudoventral view; I connective, stem and paraphysis, lateral view; J paraphysis, dorsal view. Scale bars in mm.

Measurements : Total length: males (n = 1) 4.7 mm; females (n = 1) 5.7 mm. — Head and Thorax: Crown (Figs 13B, 14A, 29C), in dorsal view, slightly produced, anterior margin subtriangular; median length approximately 1/3 of intraocular width, and 1/4 of transocular width. Ocelli located slightly posteriorly of imaginary line between anterior eyes angles. Frons (Figs 13A, 14B), in lateral view, slightly inflated. Pronotum width approximately equal to transocular width. Other features as in genus description. — Coloration: Overall coloration of male black (Figs 14A–C). Crown and face (Figs 14A, C) with yellow markings in ocelli and muscular impressions. Clypeus, gena and lorum yellow. Pronotum (Fig. 14A) anterior third with yellow markings, black posteriorly, with posterior margin yellow. Mesonotum black. Forewings veins yellow basally (Figs 14A, B). Legs yellow (Fig. 13B, C). Female overall coloration yellow (Figs 13, 29C). Crown and pronotum (Figs 13B, 29C) anterior third with darker markings. Frons (Figs 13, 29D) with darker areas in muscular impressions. Forewings (Figs 13A, B, 29C, D) browned, with veins paler. Abdomen (Figs 13D, 15A, B), yellow, with darkened portions. — Male terminalia: Pygofer (Fig. 14D), in lateral view, posterior margin broadly rounded. Subgenital plate (Fig. 14D), in lateral view, attaining pygofer apical portion. Valve (Fig. 14E), in ventral view, anterior and posterior margins subparallel; lateral margins narrowly rounded. Style (Fig. 14F), in dorsal view, with a pair of slight dentate processes on outer margin, one basally and other preapically. Aedeagus (Fig. 14G, H), in lateral view, shaft expanded, ventral margin rounded, apical portion rugulose, apical portion not expanded, apex rounded. Paraphysis (Fig. 14I), in lateral view, directed posterodorsally, curved dorsally, reaching pygofer apical third; dorsal and ventral margins subparallel, dorsal margin with a small dentate process basally, apex subacute; in dorsal view (Fig. 14J), lateral margins with small reentrances preapically. Other features as in generic description. — Female genitalia: Sternite VII (Figs 13D, 15A–C), in ventral view, almost 2.2× wider than long, posterior margin with a distinctly acute median lobe. Valvula II (Fig. 15F–H) blade with 18 continuous subtriangular serrated teeth, with a distinct gap in anterior margin of teeth. Other features (Fig. 15D, E, I, J) as in generic description.

Figure 15. 

Ciminius taosus, female. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view; B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view; C sternite VII, ventral view; D first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view; E apical portion of first valvula; F second valvula, lateral view; G edian portion of second valvula; H apical portion of second valvula; I second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view; J apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Holotype (Fig. 12): UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – New Mexico • 1♀; Albuquerque; 1940; ED Ball leg.; USNMENT 01513862; USNM.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – New Mexico • 1♂; Belen; 20 Jul. 1936; R. H. Beamer leg; USNM • 1♀ same data collection as for preceding; D. R. Lindsay leg; USNM.

Ciminius taosus is the largest member of Ciminius. The males of C. taosus can be differentiated in coloration from the other black species by the forewings with yellow longitudinal veins, fading towards apex, and the crown and frons contrasting yellow and black marks. In dorsal view (Figs 12B, 13A, 28C), the crown is longer, as in lateral view (Figs 12A, 13B), the frons is more inflated compared to the remaining species of the genus. The aedeagus of C. taosus is similar to C. sidanus and C. hartii, but the ventral margin is more expanded than in the former and the apex is not expanded as in the latter. Otherwise, the paraphysis in C. taosus is curved dorsally, while in C. sidanus and C. hartii it is rectilinear.

Coloration pale-yellow (Fig. 29E, F) to brown (females and rarely males) (Fig. 18) or black (males) (Figs 16, 17A–C), with R+M and base of CuP veins yellow. Aedeagus (Fig. 17G, H) with shaft strongly protuberant, forming a preapical lobate process on dorsal margin, directed apically. Paraphysis (Fig. 17I, J) curved ventrally, with a preapical constriction on ventral margin.

Measurements : Total length: males (n = 11) 3.2–3.7 mm, females (n = 6) 3.9–4.3 mm. — Head and Thorax: Crown (Figs 17A, B, 18A, 29E), in dorsal view, from slightly to moderately produced, anterior margin from broadly rounded to subtriangular. Median length of crown from 3/7 to 1/2 of intraocular width, and about 1/4 of transocular width. Pronotum width slightly greater than transocular width. Ocelli aligned to imaginary line between anterior eye angles. Other features as in genus description. — Coloration: Overall coloration from pale-yellow (Fig. 29E, F) to brown (Fig. 18), as described in C. albolineatus, especially in females. Males usually with overall coloration black (Figs 16, 17A, B), with marks, bands and maculae as described in C. albolineatus. Face (Figs 17C) with yellow marks on muscular impressions, often with yellow longitudinal band medially. Clypeus browned. Gena and lorum black with margins yellow. Forewings (Figs 16, 17A, B) with veins black, except costal cell, basis of claval suture and basis of R+M and C veins distinctly yellow. Legs (Fig. 17B, C) yellowish. Abdomen black, lateral margins yellowish. — Male terminalia: Pygofer (Fig. 17D), in lateral view, posterior margin broadly rounded. Subgenital plate (Fig. 17D), in lateral view, slightly exceeding posteriorly half-length of pygofer. Valve (Fig. 17E), in ventral view, anterior and posterior margins slightly converging medially; lateral margins rounded. Style (Fig. 17F), in dorsal view, without preapical lobe. Aedeagus (Fig. 17G, H), in lateral view, shaft with a preapical lobate process, directed apically; ventral margin without processes; apical portion not expanded, apex rounded. Paraphysis (Fig. 17I, J), in lateral view, curved and directed posteroventrally, almost attaining pygofer apical third, with a preapical constriction on ventral margin, apex subacute. Other features as in genus description. — Female terminalia: Sternite VII (Fig. 19A–C), in ventral view, 1.9× wider than long, posterior margin with median lobe distinct, rounded. Valvula II (Fig. 19F–H) blade with 13 continuous subtriangular serrated teeth, without distinct gap in anterior margin of teeth. Other features (Figs 19D, E, I, J) as in genus description.

Figure 16. 

Ciminius yana, male holotype.

Figure 17. 

Ciminius yana, male A habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C head, frontal view; D pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; E valve and subgenital plates, ventral view; F connective and style, ventral view; G aedeagus, lateral view; H aedeagus, caudoventral view; I connective, stem and paraphysis, lateral view; J paraphysis, dorsal view. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 18. 

Ciminius yana, color variation in male, habitus. A dorsal view; B frontal view. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 19. 

Ciminius yana, female. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view; B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view; C sternite VII, ventral view; D first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view; E apical portion of first valvula; F second valvula, lateral view; G median portion of second valvula; H apical portion of second valvula; I second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view; J apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Holotype (Fig. 15): BRAZIL – Mato Grosso • ♂; Rio Caraguatá; Mar. 1953; F. Plaumann leg.; USNM.

BRAZIL – Paraná • 1♂; Antonina, Res. [Reserva] Rio Cachoeira; 25.316°S, 48.696°W; 50 m; 23–27 Jan. 2017; A.C. Domahovski leg.; DZUP • 1♀ same data collection as for preceding; Entomologia UFPR leg.; suspended light trap; DZUP • 2♂♂; Tuneiras do Oeste, REBIO das Perobas; 01–04 Apr. 2024; A. C. Domahovski & L. Alasmar, leg.; sweep; DZUP. – Mato Grosso do Sul • 1♂ Barranco Branco; 22 Dec. 1925; Souto Maior leg.; DZUP. – São Paulo • 1♂; Marília; 22.19384°S, 49.92172°W; 20 Nov. 2022; L. Alasmar leg.; sweep; DZUP • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; same data collection as for preceding; 18–20 Nov. 2022; DZUP • 1♂; same data collection as for preceding; 22.18927°S, 49.92630°W; 26 Dec. 2022; DZUP • 6♂♂, 3♀♀; same data collection as for preceding; Condomínio Green Valley; 22.16342°S, 50.00271°W; 07 Jan. 2023; DZUP.

The black males of C. yana resemble Ciminius dissidens sp. nov.. and Ciminius sesamum sp. nov. but can be distinguished due to the distinct yellow markings on claval suture and basis of R+M and C veins. The pale-yellow to brown males are more similar to C. albolineatus and C. platensis. Furthermore, males of C. yana can be distinguished from other congeners by the conspicuous lobate process on the aedeagus dorsal margin. From all the studied material, a unique black specimen of C. yana presented forewings venation that was completely yellow.

Coloration pale-yellow (Figs 20A–C, 30A, B), with copper marks on crown and forewings; claval suture and R+M veins whitened. Aedeagus (Fig. 20G, H) basidorsal portion expanded, ventral margin from shallowly to deeply excavated basally, serrated medially, rectilinear subapically; apical portion expanded, apex rounded forming a hood-like structure. Paraphysis (Fig. 20I, J) directed posterodorsally, with a preapical constriction on ventral margin.

Figure 20. 

Ciminius autumnalis sp. nov., male holotype. A habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C head, frontal view; D pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; E valve and subgenital plates, ventral view; F connective and style, ventral view; G aedeagus, lateral view; H aedeagus, caudoventral view; I connective, stem and paraphysis, lateral view; J paraphysis, dorsal view. Scale bars in mm.

Measurements : Total length: holotype male 4.0 mm; paratypes, males (n = 11) 4.0–4.3 mm; females (n = 5) 4.5–4.63 mm. — Head and Thorax: Crown (Figs 20A, B, 30A), in dorsal view, slightly produced, anterior margin subtriangular; median length from 2/7 to 1/2 of intraocular width, and about 2/5 of transocular width. Ocelli located slightly before the imaginary line between anterior eye angles. Pronotum width approximately equal to transocular width. Other features as in generic description. — Coloration: Overall coloration pale-yellow (Figs 20A–C, 30A, B). Crown (Figs 20A, 30A), in dorsal view, with distinct browned areas. Pronotum, in dorsal view, anterior third with distinct browned marks and darkened maculae, posterior third smoky paler. Forewing (Figs 20A, B, 30A) with cubital and first anal veins copper-brown; R+M vein, claval suture whitened, other veins yellow. Other features as in C. albolineatus description. — Male terminalia: Pygofer (Fig. 20D), in lateral view, posterior margin rounded, slightly tapering towards apex. Subgenital plate (Fig. 20D), in lateral view, almost reaching pygofer half-length. Valve (Fig. 20E), in ventral view, margins subparallel, lateral margins subacute. Style (Fig. 20F), in dorsal view, with a slight dentate process medially in outer margin. Aedeagus (Fig. 20G, H), in lateral view, shaft from slightly to broadly protuberant, ventral margin from shallowly to deeply excavated basally, with serrated processes medially, rectilinear subapically; apical portion expanded, apex rounded, forming a hood-like structure. Paraphysis (Fig. 20I, J), in lateral view, rectilinear, directed posterodorsally, almost reaching pygofer apical third, with a conspicuous preapical constriction on ventral margin, apex acute. Other features as in generic description. — Female terminalia: Sternite VII (Fig. 21A–C), in ventral view, 1.9× wider than long; posterior margin shallowly excavated each side of a small and distinct median lobe. Valvula II (Fig. 21F–H) blade with 14 continuous triangular serrated teeth, without a distinct gap in anterior margin of teeth. Other features (Fig. 21D, E, I, J) as in generic description.

Figure 21. 

Ciminius autumnalis sp. nov., female paratype. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view; B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view; C sternite VII, ventral view; D first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view; E apical portion of first valvula; F second valvula, lateral view; G median portion of second valvula; H apical portion of second valvula; I second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view; J apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Holotype : BRAZIL – Paraná • ♂; Ponta Grossa, Parque Estadual de Vila Velha; 11 Apr. 2015; A.C. Domahovski leg; sweep; DZUP. — Paratypes: BRAZIL – Paraná • 3♂♂, 1♀; same data collection as for holotype; DZUP • 2♂♂ same data collection as for holotype; 24 Mar. 2016; B. Rosa & C. Yamakawa leg.; Moericke; DZUP • 4♂♂, 1♀; Tibagi, P.E. Guartelá; 11–16 Jan. 2024; 24°33’42”S, 50°13’31”W; 980 m; A. Paladini, L. Alasmar & A. C. Domahovski leg.; DZUP • 1♂, 1♀; same data collection as for preceding; DZRJ • 1♂, 1♀; same data collection as for preceding MNRJ • 1♂, 1♀; same data collection as for preceding USNM.

The epithet “autumnalis” means “from autumn” in Latim, and refers to the specimens’ coloration, reminding autumn leaves. This is a noun in apposition.

Ciminius autumnalis sp. nov. resembles C. albolineatus and C. platensis due to their size and overall coloration. Ciminius autumnalis sp. nov. can be differentiated from the other Ciminius species by the following male genitalia aspects: the aedeagus dorsal margin distinctly rounded dorsally, ventral margin serrated medially and rectilinear subapically; and paraphysis rectilinae, directed dorsally, with a distinct preapical constriction ventrally. The specimens of C. autumnalis sp. nov. presents variations in the aedeagus. In seven specimens studied, there were variations in shaft roundness, which can be strongly or moderately rounded dorsally, and in basiventral margin, which can be rectilinear or with a reentrance. The most distinct patterns were provided in the illustration (Fig. 19G). The paraphysis structure presented a variation in curvature degree, from slight to distinctly curved, but the shape remaining the same.

Coloration black (males) (Fig. 22A, B) or reddish (Figs 23, 24C, D, 30C) (females, rarely males). Aedeagus (Fig. 22G, H) shaft distinctly wide in lateral view, ventral margin entirely serrated, apical portion expanded, apex broadly rounded, forming a hood-like structure. Paraphysis (Fig. 22I, J) almost straight, ventral and dorsal margins converging apically.

Figure 22. 

Ciminius dissidens sp. nov., male holotype. A habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C head, frontal view; D pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; E valve and subgenital plates, ventral view; F connective and style, ventral view; G aedeagus, lateral view; H aedeagus, caudoventral view; I connective, stem and paraphysis, lateral view; J paraphysis, dorsal view. Scale bars in mm.

Measurements : Total length: holotype male 3.9 mm; paratypes, males (n = 19) 3.8–4.2 mm; females (n = 20) 4.6–5.2 mm. — Head and Thorax: Crown (Figs 22A, B, 23A, 30C), in dorsal view, slightly produced, anterior margin often subtriangular, rarely broadly rounded, median length from 1/6 to 1/5 of intraocular width, and about 1/3 of transocular width. Ocelli located slightly before the imaginary line between anterior eye angles. Pronotum width approximately equal to transocular width. Other features as in generic description. — Coloration: Females (Fig. 30C) with crown and pronotum browned, with marks and maculae as in C. albolineatus. Forewings distinctly reddish, with veins yellow. Abdomen (Figs 24A–C, 50C), in ventral view, darkened, with lateral margins and terminalia yellow, prosternum and metasternum darkened. Legs yellow. Other features as described in C. albolineatus. Males rarely as females (Fig. 23), mostly with overall coloration black (Fig. 22A–C), with marks, bands, and maculae as in C. albolineatus, but with marks often reddish and smoother. Face (Figs 22C, 23B, 30D), with yellow marks on muscular impressions, often with a yellow longitudinal band medially. Clypeus darkened with yellowed areas medially. Gena and lorum yellow with darkened areas. Pronotum (Figs 22A, 23A, 30C) posterior third often entirely black. Forewing (Fig. 22B) black, veins concolor, except costal margin, R+M stem and basal portion of claval suture and Pcu yellowish or reddish. Abdomen darkened, lateral margins yellow. — Male terminalia: Pygofer (Fig. 22D), in lateral view, posterior margin rounded. Subgenital plate (Fig. 22D), in lateral view, slightly surpass half of pygofer. Valve (Fig. 22E), in ventral view, margins subparallel, lateral margins subacute. Style (Fig. 22F), in dorsal view, with preapical lobe. Aedeagus (Figs 22G, H), in lateral view, conspicuously wide; shaft slightly protuberant dorsally; ventral margin entirely serrated; apical portion expanded, apex rounded, forming a hood-like structure. Paraphysis (Fig. 22I, J), in lateral view, directed posteroventrally, almost straight, not attaining pygofer apical third, apex subacute. Other features as in generic description. — Female terminalia: Sternite VII (Fig. 24A–C), in ventral view, 1.7× wider than long, posterior margin with a nearly indistinct median lobe. Valvula II (Fig. 24F, G) blade with 18 continuous triangular serrated teeth, without a distinct gap on anterior margin of teeth. Other features (Fig. 24D, E, I, J) as in generic description.

Figure 23. 

Ciminius dissidens sp. nov., color variation in male, habitus. A dorsal view; B frontal view. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 24. 

Ciminius dissidens sp. nov., female paratype. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view; B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view; C sternite VII, ventral view; D first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view; E apical portion of first valvula; F second valvula, lateral view; G median portion of second valvula; H apical portion of second valvula; I second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view; J apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

The epithet “dissidens” means “different” in Latim. It refers to the reddish coloration of females that can also occur in males, and is different from any other color pattern known in Ciminius. This is a noun in apposition.

Holotype : BRAZIL – Paraná • ♂; Ponta Grossa, Parque Estadual de Vila Velha; 11 Apr. 2015; A.C. Domahovski leg.; sweep; DZUP. — Paratypes: BRAZIL – Paraná • 2♂♂, 4♀♀; same data collection as for holotype; DZUP; 1♂; Ponta Grossa, Parque Estadual Vila Velha; 25 Nov. 2011; 965 m; 25°13’49’’S, 49°59’65’’W; A.C. Domahovski leg.; sweep; DZUP • 1♂; same collection data as for preceding, 24 Mar. 2016; B. Rosa & C. Yamakawa; Moericke; DZUP • 1♂ same data as preceding; 21 Nov. 2015; DZUP • 9♂♂, 17♀♀ same data collection as for preceding; 25.247579°S, 49.992188°W; 930 m; 14 Dec. 2022; A. P. Pinto, A. C. \ Domahovski, L. Alasmar, \ J. Ehlert & L. P. Aguiar leg, sweep; DZUP • 10♂♂, 10♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; DZRJ • 10♂♂, 10♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; MNRJ • 5♂♂, 5♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; USNM • 5♂♂, 5♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; MZUSP.

The black males of Ciminius dissidens sp. nov. resemble C. hartii, C. yana, C. sesamum sp. nov. and the black male specimens of C. albolineatus, due to their coloration and size. Although Ciminius dissidens sp. nov. tends to present more distinct yellow areas on the pronotum and head, and reddish portions laterally, different from Ciminius sesamum sp. nov. and C. yana. In addition, the forewing veins are never yellow, differing from C. albolineatus. Ciminius dissidens sp. nov. males can be distinguished from the other Ciminius species by the distinct wide aspect of the aedeagus in lateral view, with serrated processes along the entire ventral margin. The females of C. dissidens sp. nov., stand out for their distinct reddish forewing coloration. In a total of 44 males of C. dissidens sp. nov. studied, 40 males were black and only four were reddish.

Coloration pale-yellow (Figs 25, 30E, F, 51) or black (only males) (Fig. 25A–C). Black males (Fig. 25A–C) usually without yellowish marks, when present, restricted to pronotum lateral margins and posteriorly to mesonotum transversal sulcus. Aedeagus (Fig. 25G, H) ventral margin serrated; apex expanded forming a hood-like structure. Paraphysis (Figs 25I, J) directed posterodorsally, rectilinear, dorsal and ventral margins subparallel.

Figure 25. 

Ciminius sesamum sp. nov., male holotype. A habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C head, frontal view; D pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; E valve and subgenital plates, ventral view; F connective and style, ventral view; G aedeagus, lateral view; H aedeagus, caudoventral view; I connective, stem and paraphysis, lateral view; J paraphysis, dorsal view. Scale bars in mm.

Measurements : Total length: holotype male 3.6 mm; paratypes, males (n = 19) 3.4–3.8 mm; paratypes, females (n = 20) 3.7–4.1 mm. — Head and Thorax: Crown (Figs 25A, 26A, 30E, 51A, D), in dorsal view, slightly produced, anterior margin subtriangular; median length from 1/4 to 1/3 of intraocular width, and from 2/5 to 1/2 of transocular width. Ocelli located slightly before the imaginary line between anterior eye angles. Pronotum width approximately equal to transocular width. Other features as in generic description. — Coloration: Crown and pronotum (Fig. 25A, B) often entirely black, rarely with smooth paler areas, arched laterally on pronotum. Face (Fig. 25C) with a yellow band between eyes and frontogenal suture, sometimes surpassing suture, forming a smoky band on frons, yellow marks on muscular impressions, often with a yellow longitudinal band medially. Clypeus black. Gena and lorum yellowed. Mesonotum (Fig. 25A) black anteriorly to transversal sulcus and yellow posteriorly. Forewings (Fig. 25A, B) veins dark. Legs yellow. Abdomen, in lateral view, blackened, bordered with yellow. Males, rarely pale-yellow like the females (Fig. 26), mostly with overall coloration black (Fig. 25A–C). Females with overall coloration pale-yellow (Figs 30E, F, 51), with features as described in C. albolineatus. — Male terminalia: Pygofer (Fig. 25D), in lateral view, posterior margin rounded, slightly narrowed apically. Subgenital plate (Fig. 25D), in lateral view, slightly surpassing half-length of pygofer. Valve (Fig. 25E), in ventral view, margins subparallel, lateral margins subacute anteriorly. Style (Fig. 25F), in dorsal view, without dentate process preapically. Aedeagus (Fig. 25G, H), in lateral view, shaft slightly protuberant, ventral margin anterior two-thirds serrated, apical portion not dentate, expanded, apex rounded, forming a hood-like structure. Paraphysis (Fig. 25I, J), in lateral view, directed posterodorsally, rectilinear, reaching pygofer apical third, dorsal and ventral margins subparallel, apex from acute to subacute. Other features as in generic description. — Female genitalia: Sternite VII (Fig. 27A–C), in ventral view, 2× wider than long, posterior margin with a distinctly median lobe. Valvula II (Fig. 27F–H) blade with 18 continuous subtriangular serrated teeth, with a distinct gap in anterior margin of teeth. Other features (Fig. 27D, E, I, J) as in genus description.

Figure 26. 

Ciminius sesamum sp. nov., color variation in male, habitus. A dorsal view; B frontal view.

Figure 27. 

Ciminius sesamum sp. nov., female paratype. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view; B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view; C sternite VII, ventral view; D first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view; E apical portion of first valvula; F second valvula, lateral view; G median portion of second valvula; H apical portion of second valvula; I second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view; J apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 28. 

Ciminius females habitus, dorsal and frontal view, respectively. A, B C. albolineatus, pale-yellow variety; C, D C. albolineatus, black variety; E, F C. hartii; G, H C. platensis. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 29. 

Ciminius females habitus, dorsal and frontal view, respectively. A, B C. sidanus; C, D C. taosus; E, F C. yana. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 30. 

Ciminius females habitus, dorsal and frontal view, respectively. A, B C. autumnalis sp. nov.; C, D C. dissidens sp. nov.; E, F C. sesamum sp. nov. Scale bars in mm.

Holotype: BRAZIL – Paraná • ♂; São José dos Pinhais; 25°36’18’’S, 49°11’37’’W; 880 m; 08–22 Apr. 2017; A.C. Domahovski leg.; sweep; DZUP. — Paratypes: BRAZIL – Paraná • 11♂♂, 1♀; same collection data as for holotype; DZUP • 3♂♂ same collection data as for holotype; MNRJ • 1♂, 1♀; same collection data as for holotype; 07–21 Jan. 2017; DZUP • 1♂; same collection data as for preceding; USNM • 1♂,1♀; same collection data as for preceding; 25–28 Feb. 2017; DZUP • 3♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; USNM • 1♂; same collection data as for preceding; 23 Mar. 2017; DZUP • 5♂♂, 2♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; 02–05 Mar. 2019; DZUP • 1♂, 2♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; MNRJ • 4♂♂, 1♀; same collection data as for preceding; DZRJ • 2♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; 01–31 Mar. 2021; DZUP • 1♂; same collection data as for preceding; 01–30 Nov. 2022; USNM • 1♀; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP • 10♂♂, 3♀♀; Curitiba, Centro Politécnico, UFPR, grasslands near to Biológicas department; 20–25 Jan. 2022; A.C. Domahovski & L. Alasmar leg.; sweep; DZUP • 2♂♂ same collection data as for preceding; MNRJ • 1♂; same collection data as for preceding; Dec. 2022; DZUP • 2♂♂, 1♀; same collection data as for preceding; DZRJ • 1♂, 2♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; USNM.

The word “sesamum” is from Latin and means “of sesame”, an allusion to the overall aspect of this species: small, robust, and blackened or yellowed, resembling sesame seeds. This is a noun in apposition.

Ciminius sesamum sp. nov. resemble externally to other black males of the genus: C. hartii, C. yana, C. albolineatus, and C. dissidens sp. nov., however, C. sesamum sp. nov. have a more homogeneous black aspect, with indistinct or faint yellow marks along the crown and pronotum. The only constant yellow mark is in the posterior half of the mesonotum. In the aedeagus, C. sesamum sp. nov. can be distinguished from C. yana due to absence of a lobate distinct process on dorsal margin, distinguished from C. hartii and C. albolineatus due to the aedeagus bearing the ventral margin serrated, and from C. dissidens sp. nov., due the aedeagus not strongly widened in lateral view. In the locality of Centro Politécnico, mostly females presented a submacroptery condition (Fig. 50), which is discussed furthermore.

Coloration reddish yellow (Figs 31A, 32), with yellowish marks laterally; frons yellowish; a longitudinal pale band from crown to apex of abdomen; posterior margin with a pair of faint darkened maculae between ocelli. Pronotum with a pair of transversal darkened bands, arising from lateral margins and extending almost medially, a pair of rounded dark macula sub medially. Mesonotum with darkened areas medially. Metanotum with three pairs of darkened spots forming a triangle each side of median line. Legs light-yellow.

Figure 31. 

Ciminius sp. immature habitus comparison. A first instar; B second instar; C third instar; D fourth instar; E fifth instar.

Figure 32. 

Ciminius sp. first instar nymph habitus. A dorsal view; B ventral view; C lateral view. Scale bars in mm.

Head (Fig. 32A), in dorsal view, 1.4× wider than long, anterior margin broadly rounded, slightly emarginated medially, antennal ledges not prominent, scape and pedicel distinct and visible; in lateral view, compound eyes rounded, frons slightly inflated, with clypeus visibly separated; in ventral view (Fig. 32B), muscle impressions distinct, rostrum with three segments, surpassing metathoraxic coxae basis. Pronotum (Fig. 32A), in dorsal view, slender, slightly wider than head width. Mesonotum (Fig. 32A), in dorsal view, width approximately equal to pronotum width, median lobe rounded, slightly smaller than postero-lateral angles. Metanotum (Fig. 32A), in dorsal view, length approximately equal to pronotum and mesonotum combined length. Tarsi (Fig. 32C) with two segments, the basal smaller than the distal, the latter ending in a pair of claws. Abdomen (Fig. 32B) with nine visible segments, the first and second fused and 10^th and 11^th forming the anal tube.

Overall coloration (Figs 31B, 33) similar to anterior instar, with pale-yellow coloration more consistent and intense, macula and marks more distinct, especially the pair of maculae between the eyes. Metanotum with three pairs of darkened spots more aligned. Abdomen with the reddish areas smoother.

Figure 33. 

Ciminius sp. second instar nymph habitus. A dorsal view; B ventral view; C lateral view. Scale bars in mm.

Head (Fig. 33A), in dorsal view, anterior margin broadly rounded, with a very slight emargination; other head features as in anterior instar. Pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum (Fig. 33A, C) proportions as in anterior instar. Metanotum with length greater than pronotum and mesonotum length combined. Abdomen (Fig. 33B) as in anterior instar, with a segmentation more distinct and apex more sclerotized, initiating the terminalia structures formation.

Overall pale-yellow coloration more homogeneous (Figs 31C, 34), with more distinct darkened macula and marks on head and pronotum. Crown with a faint pair of darkened spots apically. Frons, with marks on muscular impressions and longitudinal whitish band beginning to distinguish; rostrum darkened. Pronotum and metanotum with posterior margin with a transverse smoky stripe. Abdomen with reddish areas smoother and restricted to ventral portion, dorsum with red spots more distinct.

Head (Fig. 34A), in dorsal view, with anterior margin rounded, other features of head as in anterior instar. Pronotum begins to elongate. Mesonotum length of latero-posterior angles almost twice than median lobe length. Metanotum with latero-posterior angles reaching the second abdominal segment, indicating the beginning of wing pads development. Legs (Fig. 34C) structures as in anterior instar, with setae thin, more distinct and elongate. Abdomen (Fig. 34B) with strong segmentation, terminalia as in anterior instar.

Figure 34. 

Ciminius sp. third instar nymph habitus. A dorsal view; B ventral view; C lateral view. Scale bars in mm.

Overall coloration (Figs 31D, 35) similar to the anterior instar, with black macula on crown and pronotum marks very distinct, wing pads color beginning to distinguish. Frons with muscular impressions very distinct and rostrum darkened. Mesonotum wing pads with three darkened stripes. Metanotum wing pads with an elongated maculae arising from posterior margin and extending anterad. Abdomen reddish marks faded.

Figure 35. 

Ciminius sp. fourth instar nymph habitus. A dorsal view; B ventral view; C lateral view. Scale bars in mm.

Head and thorax (Fig. 35A, B) features as in anterior instar, with ocelli beginning to distinguish. Pronotum (Fig. 35A) length greater than median lobe of mesonotum length. Mesonotum with wing pads developed, almost reaching apex of metanotum wing pads, and attaining abdominal third segment. Legs (Fig. 35C) with setae stouter and distinct. Abdomen (Fig. 35B) with strong segmentation, terminalia sclerotized and conspicuous, with pygofer and ventral parts well distinguished.

Overall coloration (Figs 31E, 36) as in anterior instar, with paler areas and maculae similar to adults (see generic description), frons with very distinct and yellowed muscular impressions, with darkened areas around. Mesonotum wing pads with darkened stripes thinner and more defined. Abdomen with well-defined pairs of longitudinal darkened stripes on dorsum, being one broad submedially and one thin, laterally.

Head (Fig. 36A) with anterior margin from broadly rounded to subtriangular, compound eye oval, ocelli distinct, other features as in anterior instar. Pronotum elongate. Mesonotum with median lobe elongate and posterior margin triangular, wing pads well-developed, reaching forth abdominal segment. Metanotum with wing pads well-developed (Fig. 36A, C), slightly longer than mesonotum wing pads. Abdomen (Fig. 36B) with well-developed terminalia and distinct sexes.

Figure 36. 

Ciminius sp. fifth instar nymph habitus. A dorsal view; B ventral view; C lateral view. Scale bars in mm.

Female (Fig. 37A): subgenital plates elongate, with length reaching pygofer apical third, with a complete median slit.

Figure 37. 

Terminalia of a Ciminius sp. fifth instar nymph. A female genital capsule; B male genital capsule.

Male (Fig. 37B): subgenital plates short, length not attaining pygofer apical half, with a median slit restricted to apical portion (Marucci et al. 2000).

Remarks. The first and second stages (Fig. 31A, B) are quite similar, but the latter can be differentiated by the following characters: (1) more robust structure of body, especially the head, (2) reddish coloration smoother and restricted to abdomen, (3) metanotum more elongate latero-posteriorly.

The third instar presents the macula and the paler areas on crown and pronotum very distinct (Fig. 33), the overall pale-yellow coloration is more homogeneous as the reddish coloration is fading. But the remarkable characteristics of this stage are: (1) distinction of facial muscular impressions; (2) presence of the setae in hind legs; and (3) beginning of sclerotization and distinction of the terminalia.

The fourth and fifth stages are very similar in overall coloration (Fig. 31D, E) but can be distinguished by the proportion and length of wing pads: in the fourth instar, the wing pads of mesonotum do not attain the apex of metanotum wing pads (Fig. 35A,C), and the latter attains to median third of abdomen third segment (Fig. 36A,C); and in the fifth instar, the mesonotum wing pads tangencies the apex of metanotum wing pads (Fig. 36C), and the latter extends until half-length of fourth abdominal segment.

All the immature specimens were collected with the sweep method and the resulting material was stored with the following precedence label: “Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, UFPR – Centro Politécnico – Estacionamento, varredura, XII.2022”. The Ciminius nymphs present the particularity of showing, even at first instar, some of the maculae present in the adults, as the maculae on pronotum and mesonotum, allowing them to an easy recognition at genus level. As the nymph develops, it is possible to note the reddish coloration of abdomen turning into yellow, which in adults turns into an even more darkened coloration. Some specimens collected, especially in fourth and fifth instars, presented a darkened overall coloration, which could possibly mean to be a black adult. However, in the collection site, there are occurrence of two species, C. albolineatus and C. sesamum sp. nov., both presenting adults with black overall coloration and therefore was not possible to identify the nymphs species without usage of molecular methods or rearing nymphs, until the emergence of adults.

Arcanus academicus sp. nov.

Small sharpshooters, size about 5.5 mm with overall coloration (Fig. 38A–C) reddish with several yellowish spots. Head (Fig. 38A) moderately produced anterad, subtriangular. Forewing (Fig. 38B) with three anteapical cells, middle anteapical cell opened basally, some supranumerary veins on apical portion. Connective (Fig. 38I) stem not well sclerotized, articulated with connective. Subgenital plate (Fig. 38D), in lateral view, distinctly short, extending to basal third of pygofer. Aedeagus (Fig. 38G), in lateral view, symmetrical, with shaft short, without processes, in ventral view (Fig. 38H) compressed, apex rounded, opened medially as the gonopore exit. Paraphysis (Fig. 38I, J) with ramus long and robust, well sclerotized apically.

Figure 38. 

Arcanus academicus gen. et sp. nov., male holotype. A habitus, dorsal view; B habitus, lateral view; C head, frontal view; D pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; E valve and subgenital plates, ventral view; F connective and style, ventral view; G aedeagus, lateral view; H aedeagus, caudoventral view; I connective, stem and paraphysis, lateral view; J paraphysis, dorsal view. Scale bars in mm.

Head and Thorax : Crown (Fig. 38A, B), in dorsal view, anterior margin moderated produced, subtriangular, without concavities between ocelli, surface with texture slightly punctate, with fovea between eyes and ocelli, without a carina on transition from crown to face; median length 1/3 of transocular width, and 1⁄2 of intraocular width. Ocelli located before the imaginary line between anterior eye angles, closer to adjacent eye angle than to median line. Frontogenal suture extending to crown, reaching ocelli. Antennal ledge, in dorsal view, not protuberant; in lateral view (Fig. 38B), rounded, not carinated. Frons (Fig. 38B), in lateral view, slightly oblique, not inflated medially; in frontal view (Fig. 38C), texture slightly punctate, muscular impressions distinct; epistomal suture complete. Clypeus, in frontal view, with apical margin rounded; in lateral view, continuing frons contour, without pubescence. Pronotum (Fig. 38A), in dorsal view, with width slightly greater than transocular width, anterior third with texture slightly punctate, posterior third transversely rugulose, without pubescence; in lateral view (Fig. 38B), dorsopleural carina complete. Mesonotum (Fig. 38A), in dorsal view, slightly punctate anteriorly to transverse sulcus and transversely rugulose posteriorly. Forewing (Fig. 38A, B) opaque, texture slightly punctate, veins distinct and elevated, membrane distinct with four apical cells, which the base of fourth more proximal to base of third than to clavus apex; with three anteapical cells, middle anteapical cell opened basally; with some supernumerary veins on apical portion; appendix narrow. Hind leg (Fig. 38B) with femoral setal formula 2:1:1; first tarsomere shorter than combined length of two more distal tarsomeres, with two parallel longitudinal rows of small setae on plantar surface. Sternite II of abdomen with pair of inner small triangular apodemes. — Male terminalia: Pygofer (Fig. 38D), in lateral view, moderately produced, without processes; dorsal and ventral margins convergent apically; posterior margin rounded; macrosetae distributed along the entire disk; microsetae along posterior margin. Valve (Fig. 38E), in ventral view, slender, anterior margin concave, lateral margins peaked anteriorly. Subgenital plate (Fig. 38E), in ventral view, not fused to its counterparts; triangular, narrowing abruptly towards apex; outer margin with uniseriate row of macrosetae, microsetae present basally; in lateral view (Fig. 38D), short, extending nearly to pygofer basal third. Style (Fig. 38F), in dorsal view, surpassing posteriorly the connective apex; preapical lobe developed and rounded; apex distinctly sclerotized and truncated. Connective (Fig. 38F), in dorsal view, V-shaped, as long as wide, arms slender. Stem of connective (Fig. 38I) occurring as a separate sclerite, long, not well sclerotized, connecting anteriorly to connective and posteriorly to paraphysis arms. Aedeagus (Fig. 38G), in lateral view, symmetrical, directed posteroventrally, without processes; shaft slightly curved ventrally; apex expanded, rounded; in caudoventral view (Fig. 38H), expanded preapically; apical third heart-shaped, with gonopore exit. Paraphysis (Fig. 38I), in lateral view, large, extending nearly to pygofer apex, with a pair of symmetrical arms directed dorsally, articulated with a long robust ramus directed posterodorsally; in dorsal view (Fig. 38J), wide basally and narrowing gradually to an acute and well sclerotized apex.

Unknown.

The genus name Arcanus (a neutral noun) is derived from Latin, meaning “mysterious” and “secret.” This name alludes to the difficulty of collecting specimens and their remarkable, unique morphological characteristics.

Arcanus gen. nov. shares similarities with Ciminius and Tylozygus, especially in the male terminalia, such as: (1) pygofer moderately produced, with macrosetae distributed along the entire disk, (2) subgenital plates triangular, short, not extending posteriorly to pygofer basal third (3) styles short with apex truncate (4) stem of connective occurring as a separated sclerite. Although, the new genus can be promptly differentiated from Ciminius and Tylozygus by the combination of characters below: (1) body somewhat flattened dorsoventrally; (2) head moderately produced, with anterior margin subtriangular; (3) forewings with three anteapical cells, median one opened basally; and (4) paraphysis large and well sclerotized. Until the present moment, Arcanus gen. nov. is known only for its type location.

Overall coloration (Fig. 38A–C) reddish mottled with yellowish spots on crown, frons and pronotum; forewings reddish, with yellow veins and spots. Aedeagus (Fig. 38G) shaft slightly curved ventrally; apex expanded, rounded. Paraphysis (Fig. 38I), wide basally and narrowing gradually to an acute and well sclerotized apex.

Measurements : Holotype male 5.28 mm; paratype male 5.65 mm. — Coloration: Crown (Fig. 38A), in dorsal view, with black background, mottled with yellow spots, pair of larger black rounded spots behind ocelli, adjacent to posterior margin. Face (Fig. 38C) mostly black, mottled with yellow spots medially and transverse straps on muscular impressions. Gena black with portion below eye and near lateral margin of frons yellow. Clypeus and lorum without spots. Pronotum (Fig. 38A), in dorsal view, with several yellow spots, anterior third with pair of large transversal yellowish maculae, arising from lateral margins and almost reaching each other medially, posterior margin reddish. Mesonotum (Fig. 38A), in dorsal view, with a pair of orangish triangular maculae laterally, yellowish irregular maculae and spots medially, and orangish posteriorly to transverse sulcus. Forewing (Fig. 38A, B) reddish, with several minute yellow spots, mainly on anterior half; veins yellow, anal margin yellow, apical portion smoky. Thorax (Fig. 38C), in ventral view, black. Legs with basal portion black, distal portion of coxae whitened, distal portions of fore and mid legs and median portions of hind leg yellowish or reddish. Abdomen black, pygofer pale.

Holotype : BRAZIL – Paraná • ♂; Curitiba, Centro Politécnico, Biológicas parking; 25°26’49”S, 49°13’54”W; 925 m; Dec. 2022; AC Domahovski & L. Alasmar leg.; DZUP. — Paratype: BRAZIL – Paraná • 1♂; same data as holotype; DZUP.

The epithet “academicus” is from Latin and means “academic”, an allusion to the type locality of the species, Universidade Federal do Paraná.