Corresponding author: Bao-Zhen Hua ( huabzh@nwafu.edu.cn ) Academic editor: Bradley Sinclair
© 2021 Li Ning, Ji-Shen Wang, Bao-Zhen Hua.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Ning L, Wang J-S, Hua B-Z (2021) Morphological phylogenetic analyses and taxonomic revision of the Panorpa davidi group (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 79: 309-342. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.79.e65179
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Abstract
The Chinese Panorpa species without anal horn are normally assigned to the Panorpa davidi group. Here, we taxonomically revise the P. davidi group, which currently includes 17 known species and four new species: P. gaokaii sp. nov., P. huayuani sp. nov., P. uncinata sp. nov. and P. yaoluopingensis sp. nov. Panorpa shanyangensis Chou & Wang, 1981 and P. sexspinosa zhongnanensis Chou & Ran, 1981 are treated as junior synonyms of P. sexspinosa Cheng, 1949. We describe for the first time the male of P. stigmosa Zhou, 2006, and the females of P. curva Carpenter, 1938, P. davidi Navás, 1908, P. difficilis Carpenter, 1938, P. fructa Cheng, 1949, and P. jinchuana Hua, Sun & Li, 2001. A key to species of the group is provided. Phylogenetic analyses of maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood based on 79 morphological characters show that the newly defined P. davidi group is a well-supported monophyletic group and is sister to the genus Cerapanorpa Gao, Ma & Hua, 2016.
Oriental Region, Pa norpa, phylogeny, synonym, taxonomy
Panorpidae, the largest family of Mecoptera, consist of approximately 500 extant species in eight genera (
The species of Panorpa are divided into various species groups for local faunas based on different morphological criteria (
The P. davidi group is considerably diverse in morphology (
In this study, we present a taxonomic revision of the P. davidi group, propose two new synonyms and describe for the first time the male of one species and females of five species. Four species are described as new to science. A key to species of the P. davidi group is provided. Phylogenetic analyses of the P. davidi group were conducted using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood based on morphological characters.
More than 1000 adult specimens in the P. davidi group were examined. The specimens are mainly stored in the Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, China (
Terminology follows
Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML). A total of 38 species were selected for character coding and phylogenetic analyses, including 21 species of the P. davidi group, five species of other Chinese Panorpa without anal horn, P. communis Linnaeus, 1758 (the type species of Panorpa) and its closely related species P. sibirica Esben-Petersen, 1915, ten species of other genera of Panorpidae. Panorpodes kuandianensis Zhong, Zhang & Hua, 2011 in Panorpodidae was selected as outgroup. A data matrix containing 79 characters coded for 39 taxa was created using Mesquite v. 3.61 (Tables S1–S2) (Maddison and Maddison 2019).
All characters were equally weighted. Traditional search with 100 replications was conducted with TNT 1.1 (
Panorpa davidi group Esben-Petersen, 1921: 14; Carpenter, 1938: 268; Cheng, 1957: 5.
The Panorpa davidi group can be differentiated from other groups of Panorpa by the following features: in males, (1) flat notal organ on posterior margin of T3 covering acute postnotal organ on anterior portion of T4; (2) A6 cylindrical, lacking anal horns, mostly projected and setose on dorsal apex; (3) gonostylus with obtuse triangular median tooth and large basal cup on inner margin, (4) elongated dorsal valves of aedeagus with enlarged dorsal processes; and (5) parameres simple, unfurcated, elongated, mostly twisted and crossed mesally; in females, (6) medigynium elongated, broad, with posterior arms distinctly shorter than main plate; and (7) paired lateral basal plates mostly well-developed.
Species of the P. davidi group are distributed in the mountainous regions of China, mainly in the Hengduan, Qinling-Bashan, Dalou, Dabie and Taihang mountains (Fig.
The P. davidi group was proposed by
1. | Pleura blackish brown to black | 2 |
– | Pleura yellowish to yellowish brown | 3 |
2. | Forewings with apical band splitting into a series of small spots; pterostigmal band complete anteriorly, with discrete basal branch and faint apical branch posteriorly; basal band split into two spots; marginal spot prominent; basal spot greatly reduced (Figs |
P. fructa Cheng, 1949 |
– | Forewings with pterostigmal band usually reduced, basal and apical branches absent; apical band indistinct and extremely reduced (Fig. |
P. diqingensis Li & Hua, 2020 |
3. | Meso- and metanotum black brown to black | 4 |
– | Meso- and metanotum black with yellow mesal stripe or mostly yellow, only darker laterally | 6 |
4. | Wings without markings | P. curvata Zhou, 2006 |
– | Wings with reduced markings | 5 |
5. | Gonocoxites bearing 3–5 long setae, with acute protuberance on inner apex (Fig. |
P. stigmosa Zhou, 2006 |
– | Gonocoxites with cluster of stout dark brown setae and 3–5 long setae along oblique inner apex ventrally; without acute protuberance (Fig. |
P. dispergens Li & Hua, 2020 |
6. | Wing with 1A ending before or at level of origin of Rs | 7 |
– | Wing with 1A ending beyond origin of Rs | 9 |
7. | Wing with 1A ending before origin of Rs (Fig. |
P. bashanicola Hua, Tao & Hua, 2018 |
– | Wing with 1A ending at level of origin of Rs | 8 |
8. | Wings tinged with yellow, markings yellowish brown, reduced; parameres stout, extending nearly to apex of gonocoxites (Fig. |
P. fulvastra Chou, 1981 |
– | Wing membrane hyaline, without markings; parameres slender, intensely curved, reaching middle of aedeagus (Fig. |
P. chengi Chou, 1981 |
9. | Meso- and metanotum pale brown, with broad pale to pale yellow mesal stripe, extending to T3 (Figs |
P. gaokaii sp. nov. |
– | Meso- and metanotum blackish brown to black, with yellow mesal stripe only extending to scutellum | 10 |
10. | Parameres greatly curved, hook-like on apical half, reaching two-thirds of gonocoxites | 11 |
– | Parameres thick, nearly twisted in S-shape, exceeding or reaching apex of gonocoxites | 12 |
11. | Meso- and metanotum with extremely broad yellow mesal stripe; basal spot large and conspicuous | P. yangi Chou, 1981 |
– | Meso- and metanotum with narrow yellow mesal stripe; basal spots extremely reduced and faint (Fig. |
P. uncinata sp. nov. |
12. | Gonocoxites with process on inner margin of ventral apex | 13 |
– | Gonocoxites without process on inner margin of ventral apex | 15 |
13. | Gonocoxites with normal triangular process on inner apex, bearing 1 or 2 long setae on inner margin subapically | P. qinlingensis Chou & Ran, 1981 |
– | Gonocoxites with elongated process on inner apex, bearing short setae | 14 |
14. | Forewings with basal band split into two large spots; basal spot reduced (Fig. |
P. davidi Navás, 1908 |
– | Forewings with basal band complete; basal spot absent (Fig. |
P. curva Carpenter, 1938 |
15. | Forewing with basal band reduced into middle spot, extending from M to anal margin (Fig. |
P. yaoluopingensis sp. nov. |
– | Forewing with broad basal band complete or split into two spots | 16 |
16. | Dorsal valves of aedeagus slender and stalked, each with intensively enlarged circular dorsal process on apical portion (Fig. |
P. difficilis Carpenter, 1938 |
– | Dorsal process of aedeagus not extending to apical portion of dorsal valves | 17 |
17. | Forewing with basal band split into two spots | 18 |
– | Forewing with basal band complete | 19 |
18. | Hypovalves slightly broadened towards rounded apexes | P. typicoides Cheng, 1949 |
– | Hypovalves with apical third widest, then tapered towards apex (Fig. |
P. jinchuana Hua, Sun & Li, 2001 |
19. | Forewings without basal spot (Figs |
P. sexspinosa Cheng, 1949 |
– | Forewings with basal spot | 20 |
20. | Gonocoxites bearing 4–5 setae on inner apex ventrally, with triangular emarginated subapical portion (Fig. |
P. huayuani sp. nov. |
– | Gonocoxites bearing 4–7 (usually 6) long setae along beveled inner apex ventrally, without triangular emarginated subapical portion | P. neospinosa Chou & Wang, 1981 |
Panorpa bashanicola Hua, Tao & Hua, 2018: 111, figs 1‒6. Type locality: Nangongshan, Bashan Mountains, Lan′gao County, Shaanxi, China.
This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) occiput black, with two pale submedian stripes and two eye-shaped speckles on lateral regions; (2) wing membrane hyaline, pterostigma prominent yellow, almost without markings (Fig.
CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Lan′gao, Nangongshan; 1200‒2025 m a.s.l.; 24‒25 Jun. 2007; Bao-Zhen Hua & Jiang-Li Tan leg. • 26♂♂, 22♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype • 8♂♂, 9♀♀; Hualongshan; 2200 m a.s.l.; 24 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao & Yuan Hua leg. – Chongqing • 8♂♂, 9♀♀; Chengkou, Shentian Alpine Shrub Meadow; 2400‒2500 m a.s.l.; 22 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao, Yuan Hua & Yu-Ru Yang leg. • 11♂♂, 7♀♀; Huang′anba Alpine Shrub Meadow; 2400 m a.s.l.; 22 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao, Yuan Hua, & Yu-Ru Yang leg. – Hubei Prov. • 2♂♂; Shennongjia, Hongping; 28 Jun. 2007; Bao-Zhen Hua & Jiang-Li Tan leg. • 1♂, 8♀♀; Yanziya; 1950 m a.s.l.; 30 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao leg. • 3♂♂, 4♀♀; Hongping Airport; 2150 m a.s.l.; 30 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao & Yu-Ru Yang leg.
Male: FL = 11.1‒12.1 mm, FW = 2.8‒3.0 mm; HL = 10.0‒11.1 mm, HW = 2.7‒2.9 mm. Female: FL = 11.2‒12.6 mm, FW = 2.8‒3.1 mm; HL = 10.2‒11.6 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.0 mm.
China: Chongqing, Hubei, Shaanxi.
This species resembles P. chengi in appearance, but can be differentiated from the latter by vein 1A ending before (cf. at) the origin of Rs.
Panorpa chengi
Chou in
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wings devoid of markings, pterostigma faint (Fig.
CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Qinling; 13 Jul. 1951; Io Chou leg. • 1♀; Huashan; 30 Aug. 1983; Xiao-Lin Lu leg. • 1♂; Zhouzhi, Taibaishan, Tiejiashu; 1770 m a.s.l.; 17 Jul. 2002; Xiao-Ni Nie & Wu Dai leg. • 35♂♂, 32♀♀; Ningshan, Huoditang; 5 May‒13 Jul. 2019; Xin Tong & Peng-Yang Wang leg. • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Zhuque National Forest Park; 2000 m a.s.l.; 23 Aug. 2008; Bao-Zhen Hua & Qiang Fu leg. • 9♂♂, 12♀♀; Hanyin, Fenghuangshan, Leigutai; 1800 m a.s.l.; 27 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao leg.
Measurements. Male: FL = 11.3‒12.6 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.2 mm; HL = 10.3‒11.6 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.1 mm. Female: FL = 11.6‒13.1 mm, FW = 3.1‒3.3 mm; HL = 10.8‒12.0 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.3 mm.
China: Shaanxi.
This species can be readily identified from other members of the P. davidi group by the gonostylus with a broad row of stout setae on inner margin.
Panorpa curva Carpenter, 1938: 269, figs 1 & 8. Type locality: “O-Er, 26 miles of Li Fan” [now Lixian], “Szechwan” [now Sichuan], China; Cheng, 1957: 43, figs 52–53; Wang & Hua, 2018: 323, figs 5-113-1–5-113-2.
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) forewing apical band broad, with small hyaline spot posteriorly; pterostigmal band with basal branch broad and apical branch mostly absent; basal band complete, broad; marginal and basal spots absent (Fig.
Panorpa curva Carpenter, 1938 from Wolong, Sichuan. A, C‒G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D–E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F–G. Aedeagal complex, ventral and lateral views. B, H‒J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Terminalia, ventral view. I–J. Medigynium, dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D–G, I–J = 0.2 mm; H= 0.5 mm.
CHINA – Sichuan Prov. • 6♂♂, 7♀♀; Wolong; 31°02′12″N, 103°12′35″E; 1940‒2060 m a.s.l.; 9–10 Aug. 2018; Ning Li, Lu Liu & Lu-Yao Yang leg. • 5♂♂, 7♀♀; Pingwu, Laohegou; 1800 m a.s.l.; 25 May 2018; Kai Gao leg. • 1♂; Heishui, Dagubingchuan; 2700 m a.s.l.; 6 Jun. 2019; Kai Gao leg. • 1♂; Lixian, Bipenggou; 2600 m a.s.l.; 6 Jun. 2019; Kai Gao leg. – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♀; Baoji, Fengxian, Tiantaishan Forest Park; 1 Jun. 2015; Ji-Shen Wang & Lu Jiang leg. • 1♂, 1♀; Baoji, Fengxian, Tongtianhe Forest Park; 34°11′03″N, 106°40′15″E; 10 Jun. 2015; Lu Jiang leg. • 15♂♂, 21♀♀; Ningshan, Huoditang; 5 May‒13 Jul. 2019; Xin Tong & Peng-Yang Wang leg.
Male: FL = 11.4‒13.9 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.5 mm; HL = 10.3‒12.0 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.2 mm. Female: FL = 11.3‒14.1 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.6 mm; HL = 10.3‒12.1 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.3 mm.
Female: Head (Fig.
China: Shaanxi, Sichuan.
This species resembles P. davidi in appearance, but can be readily identified by complete basal band (cf. split into two spots) in forewing and elongated process on gonocoxites with the base 1.5 times (cf. twice) as wide as the apex.
Panorpa curvata Zhou, 2006: 273, figs 1‒3. Type locality: Chishui Suoluo National Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China.
This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) frons, vertex, occiput, and ocellar triangle blackish brown; (2) wing membrane hyaline, without markings; (3) pro-, meso-, and metanotum black; (4) hypovalves slender with rounded apexes, almost extending to apex of gonocoxites; (5) row of setae on ventral apex of gonocoxites; (6) parameres slender, intensively curved, twisted in S-shape.
Unknown.
Male: FL = 11 mm, FW = 2 mm; HL = 10 mm, HW = 2 mm.
China: Guizhou.
Panorpa davidi Navás, 1908: 415, fig. 19. Type locality: “Mou-Pin, Tibet” [now Baoxing, Sichuan], China; Esben-Petersen, 1921: 29, figs 21‒23; Cheng, 1957: 25, fig. 57; Rust & Byes, 1976: 84, fig. 156; Wang & Hua, 2018: 325, figs 5-114-1–5-114-2.
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) forewing markings well-developed, apical band broad and scattered posteriorly; pterostigmal band with basal branch complete and apical branch separated or absent; basal band split into two spots; basal spot greatly reduced (Fig.
Panorpa davidi Navás, 1908 from Baoxing, Sichuan. A, D‒E. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. D–E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. B‒C, F‒G. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Dorsum, dorsal view. F. Subgenital plate, ventral view. G. Medigynium, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D–G = 0.2 mm.
CHINA – Sichuan Prov. • 1♀; Baoxing, Qingyi River Source; 2500 m a.s.l.; 13 Aug. 2018; Ji-Shen Wang leg. • 1♂, 2♀♀, collecting data missing.
Male: FL = 13.0 mm, FW = 3.0 mm; HL = 11.5 mm, HW = 2.9 mm. Female: FL = 13.0‒14.0 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.2 mm; HL = 11.6‒12.5 mm, HW = 3.0‒3.1 mm.
Female: Head (Fig.
China: Sichuan.
Only a single male (holotype) of P. davidi from Baoxing, Sichuan was known previously. A female specimen was erroneously treated as P. davidi by
Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938: 269, figs 4 & 6. Type locality: “Chengtu, Szechwan” [now Chengdu, Sichuan], China; Cheng, 1957: 29, figs 42 & 46.
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wings with well-developed variable markings (Figs
CHINA – Chongqing • 1♀; Beibei, Longfengxi; 27 Oct. 1984; Xin Yue leg.; • 18♂♂, 21♀♀; Beibei, Xiema, Damotan; 230 m a.s.l.; 5 Apr. 2013; Jian-Yue Qiu & Hao Xu leg. –Shaanxi Prov. • 2♀♀; Nanzheng, Liping; 32°54′09″N, 106°36′36″E; 1530 m a.s.l.; 11 Jul. 2019; Ying Miao & Yue Pan leg. • 2♂♂; Liping; 2018; Zheng Wei. – Sichuan Prov. • 6♂♂, 8♀♀; Maoxian, Tudiling; 2050 m a.s.l.; 31 May 2019; Kai Gao.
Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938 from Maoxian, Sichuan. A, C‒G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D–E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F–G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H‒J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I–J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D–J = 0.2 mm.
Male: FL = 10.9‒12.8 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.1 mm; HL = 10.0‒11.8 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.0 mm. Female: FL = 11.3‒12.9 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.2 mm; HL = 10.3‒12.1 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.1 mm.
Female: Head (Figs
China: Chongqing, Shaanxi, Sichuan.
Panorpa difficilis was previously known only by the male holotype. A series of male and female specimens were captured recently from Chongqing and Shaanxi. This species should be a bivoltine insect in Chongqing at low elevations.
Panorpa diqingensis Li & Hua, 2020: 141, figs 2–4. Type locality: Diqing, Shangri-La, Yunnan, China.
This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) pleura blackish brown to black (Fig.
CHINA – Yunnan Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Diqing, Shangri-La, Haba; 2600–2700 m a.s.l.; 20 Jun. 2014; Chao Gao & Mei Liu leg. • 33♂♂, 25♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype • 5♂♂, 7♀♀; Shangri-La, Haba; 27°22′14″N, 100°7′49″E; 2730 m a.s.l.; 27–28 May 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg.
Male: FL = 13.2‒14.1 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.2 mm; HL = 12.1‒13.0 mm, HW = 3.0‒3.1 mm. Female: FL = 13.6‒14.6 mm, FW = 3.3‒3.5 mm; HL = 12.6‒13.6 mm, HW = 3.2‒3.4 mm.
China: Yunnan.
This species resembles P. fructa with its blackish brown pro-, meso- and metanotum; darker pleura; roof-like wings at repose, but can be differentiated from the latter by pterostigmal band reduced and not reaching R2 +3 (cf. scattered); axis of female main plate extended beyond main plate for a quarter (cf. half) of its length.
Panorpa dispergens Li & Hua, 2020: 142, figs 5–7. Type locality: Diqing, Shangri-La, Yunnan, China.
This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) frons, vertex, ocellar triangle and occiput dark brown (Fig.
CHINA – Yunnan Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Diqing, Shangri-La, Haba; 27°22′12″N, 100°7′48″E; 2700 m a.s.l.; 2 Jun. 2016; Gui-Lin Hu & Wei Du leg. • 1♂, 3♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype; • 13♂♂, 12♀♀ (Paratypes); Diqing, Shangri-La, Haba; 2600–2700 m a.s.l.; 20 Jun. 2014; Chao Gao & Mei Liu leg. • 31♂♂, 25♀♀; Diqing, Shangri-La, Baishuitai; 27°30′2″N, 100°2′36″E; 2500 m a.s.l.; 28–29 May 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg.
Male: FL = 12.6‒14.4 mm, FW = 3.1‒3.5 mm; HL = 11.8‒13.4 mm, HW = 3.0‒3.4 mm. Female: FL = 13.7‒14.5 mm, FW = 3.2‒3.6 mm; HL = 12.6‒13.4 mm, HW = 3.1‒3.5 mm.
China: Yunnan.
This species resembles P. curva in female medigynium, but can be differentiated from the latter by the black meso- and metanotum (cf. black, with prominent pale yellow mesal stripe); and reduced (cf. well-developed) wing markings.
Panorpa fructa Cheng, 1949: 144, figs 5‒7. Type locality: “Wakiakeng, 50 miles west of Tachienlu, Sikang” [now Kangding, Sichuan], China; Cheng, 1957: 30, figs 29, 35 & 38; Wang & Hua, 2018: 339, figs 5-121-1–5-121-2.
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) pleura blackish brown to black (Figs
CHINA – Sichuan, Garze • 1♂ (Holotype); “Wakiakeng, 50 miles west of Tachienlu” [now Kangding]; 9 Sep. 1939; Fung Ying Cheng, Io Chou & Tein Ho Hei leg. • 1♂; Kangding, Gongga Temple; 3650‒4000 m a.s.l.; 3 Sep. 1982; Shu-Yong Wang leg. • 1♂; Yajiang Military Station; 3600 m a.s.l.; 28 Aug. 1982; Huai-Cheng Cai leg. • 1♀; Yajiang Military Station; 3350 m a.s.l.; 25 Jul. 1982; Xue-Zhong Zhang leg. • 1♀; Yajiang Military Station; 3380 m a.s.l.; 6 Aug. 2018; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg. • 2♀♀; same data as previous; 3 Jul. 2019 • 2♂♂; Luhuo, Zhuwo; 3 Jun. 2009; Jiang-Li Tan leg. • 23♂♂, 28♀♀; Xinduqiao; 30°03′28″N, 101°28′58″E; 3480 m a.s.l.; 29 Jun. 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg. • 1♂; Tagong grassland; 30°19′13″N, 101°28′58″E; 3760 m a.s.l.; 3 Aug. 2018; Lu-Yao Yang leg.
Panorpa fructa Cheng, 1949 from Xinduqiao, Sichuan. A, C‒H. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D–F. Genital bulb, dorsal, ventral (removing hypandrium), and ventral views. G–H. Aedeagal complex, ventral and lateral views. B, I‒K. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. I. Subgenital plate, ventral view. J–K. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D–K = 0.2 mm.
Male: FL = 11.3‒12.2 mm, FW = 2.8‒3.2 mm; HL = 10.2‒11.0 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.0 mm. Female: FL = 12.0‒12.5 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.2 mm; HL = 10.4‒11.3 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.2 mm.
Female: Head (Figs
China: Sichuan.
Panorpa fructa was originally described based on a single male specimen. Over two dozen female specimens from Kangding, the type locality, are determined here as members of this species. The specimens were collected at high-altitude from 3300 to 4000 m in alpine shrub meadow (Fig.
Panorpa fulvastra
Chou in
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wing membrane tinged with yellow, reduced markings (Fig.
CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Taibaishan; 22 Jul. 1956; Io Chou leg.; • 4 ♂♂, 5♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype; • 9♂♂, 5♀♀; Ningshan Huoditang; 20 Jul. 2018; Ying Miao & Xiao-Yan Wang leg. • 5♂♂, 4♀♀; Liuba; 1200‒1600 m a.s.l.; 3 Aug. 2004; Peng-Ying Huang leg. • 2♂♂, 14♀♀; • 16♂♂, 20♀♀; Liping National Forest Park, Qixingge; 1500 m a.s.l.; 12 Jul. 2018; Zheng Wei leg. • 4♂♂, 3♀♀; Hanyin, Fenghuangshan, Leigutai, 1800 m a.s.l.; 27 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao leg. • 2♀♀; Zhouzhi, Houzhenzi; 2030 m a.s.l.; 24 Jul. 2019; Kai Gao leg. • 2♀♀; Foping, Liangfengya; 2200 m a.s.l.; 26 Jul. 2019; Kai Gao leg. • 12♂♂, 16♀♀; Qinling Railway Station; 34°14′13″N, 106°55′08″E; 1440 m a.s.l.; 18 Aug. 2019; Ning Li & Yue Pan leg.
Male: FL = 10.4‒11.9 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.1 mm; HL = 9.4‒11.0 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.1 mm. Female: FL = 11.2‒12.6 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.3 mm; HL = 10.1‒11.5 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.2 mm.
China: Shaanxi.
This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) frons and occiput yellowish brown (Fig.
The specific epithet is dedicated to Kai Gao, the collector of the type specimens, for his support to this research.
Panorpa gaokaii sp. nov from Shennongjia, Hubei. A, C‒I. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Head, frontal view. D. Habitus, lateral view. E–G. Genital bulb, dorsal, ventral (removing hypandrium), and ventral views. H–I. Aedeagal complex, ventral and lateral views, respectively. B, J‒L. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. J. Terminalia, ventral view. K–L. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 2 mm; E–L = 0.2 mm.
Holotype: CHINA – Hubei Prov. • ♂; Shennongjia National Nature Reserve; 1800 m a.s.l.; 1 Jul. 2018; Kai Gao leg. Paratypes: CHINA – Hubei Prov. • 7 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; same data as holotype.
Male: FL = 13.3–14.3 mm, FW = 3.7–3.9 mm; HL = 12.0–13.0 mm, HW = 3.5–3.6 mm. Female: FL = 13.9–14.2 mm, FW = 3.7–3.8 mm; HL = 2.8–13.1 mm, HW = 3.4–3.5 mm.
Male: Head (Figs
China: Hubei.
This new species resembles P. bashanicola in appearance, but can be readily differentiated from the latter by the following characters: (1) wing with apical band narrow (cf. absence); (2) 1A ending beyond (cf. before) the origin of Rs; (3) forewing usually longer than 13 mm (cf. shorter than 13 mm).
This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) forewing apical band broad with large hyaline spot posteriorly; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch and thin or incomplete apical branch; marginal spot conspicuous; basal band broad; basal spots greatly reduced, faint (Figs
The specific name is dedicated to Yuan Hua, the collector of the type specimens.
Panorpa huayuani sp. nov. from Ankang, Shaanxi. A, C‒I. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Head, frontal view. D. Dorsum, dorsal view. E. Abdomen, lateral view. F–G. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. H–I. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, J‒L. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. J. Subgenital plate, ventral view. K–L. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D–E = 1 mm; F–L = 0.2 mm.
Material examined. Holotype: CHINA – Shaanxi • ♂; Ankang, Hualongshan; 2200 m a.s.l.; 24 Jul. 2018; Yuan Hua leg. Paratypes: CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 4♂♂, 2♀♀; same data as holotype; 24 Jul. 2018; Yuan Hua leg. • 1♂, 3♀♀; same data as holotype; 4 Aug. 2020; Lu-Yao Yang & Le-Le He leg. – Chongqing • 2♂♂, 3♀♀; Chengkou, Huang′anba Alpine Shrub Meadow; 2400 m a.s.l.; 22 Jun. 2018; Yuan Hua & Kai Gao leg. – Hubei Prov. • 1♀; Shennongjia, Jiuhuping; 24 Jun. 2018; Yuan Hua leg.
Male: FL = 10.0–10.9 mm, FW = 2.7–3.1 mm; HL = 9.0–9.9 mm, HW = 2.6–2.9 mm. Female: FL = 10.9–11.3 mm, FW = 3.0–3.1 mm; HL = 10.0–10.4 mm, HW = 2.9–3.0 mm.
Male: Head (Figs
China: Chongqing, Hubei, Shaanxi.
This new species resembles P. sexspinosa in appearance, but can be readily differentiated from the latter by: (1) meso- and metanotum unevenly black, bearing an indistinct narrow (cf. distinct) yellow mesal stripe; (2) basal spot greatly reduced (cf. absent); (3) hypovalve extremely slender (cf. broad); separated (cf. dense) long setae on inner margin; (4) middle (cf. basal) region of medigynium bearing a pair of lateral basal plates.
Panorpa jinchuana Hua, Sun & Li, 2001: 121, fig. 1A–B. Type locality: Jinchuan, Sichuan, China; Wang & Hua, 2018: 355, figs 5-129-1–5-129-2.
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wing markings well-developed, forewing apical band with two inner hyaline spots; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and thinly connected or detached apical branch; marginal spot large; basal band split into two spots; basal spot greatly reduced (Fig.
Panorpa jinchuana Hua, Sun & Li, 2001 from Danba, Sichuan. A, C‒G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D–E. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. F–G. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, H‒J. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I–J. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D–J = 0.2 mm.
CHINA – Sichuan Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Jinchuan; 10 Sep. 1963; Sheng-Li Liu leg. • 1♂ (Paratype); Jinchuan; 8 Sep. 1963; Jiang Xiong leg. • 4♂♂, 9♀♀; Danba, Maoniuhe; 26 Jul. 2006; Xiao-Yan Hou et al. leg. • 1♂, 1♀; Zhonglu; 30°53′46″N, 101°55′50″E; 2230 m a.s.l.; 7 Jul. 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg. • 11♂♂, 13♀♀; Donggu; 30°46′37″N, 101°43′48″E; 2230 m a.s.l.; 8 Jul. 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg.
Male: FL = 11.8‒13.0 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.2 mm; HL = 10.9‒12.0 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.1 mm. Female: FL = 12.2‒14.0 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.4 mm; HL = 11.0‒13.0 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.3 mm.
Female: Head (Fig.
China: Sichuan.
Panorpa jinchuana was described from two males from Jinchuan, Sichuan. The male and female specimens obtained from Danba, Sichuan match the characters of this species. Here, the female is described and illustrated for the first time.
Panorpa neospinosa
Chou & Wang in
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wing markings well-developed, forewing apical band broad with one or two large inner hyaline spots; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch and thin apical branch; marginal spot large; broad basal band complete; basal spots large; (2) meso- and metanotum blackish brown, with prominent pale yellow mesal stripe; in males, (3) gonocoxites bearing 4–7 (usually 6) long setae along beveled inner apex ventrally; (4) parameres crossed mesally, twisted in S-shape, extended beyond gonocoxites; in females, (5) medigynium with main plate long, broad; a pair of lateral basal plates reaching two-thirds of main plate; axis extended beyond main plate for one-third of its length anteriorly.
CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Fengxian, Qinling Railway Station; 1600‒2000 m a.s.l.; 18 Aug. 1965; Io Chou & Jin-Sheng Lu leg. • 8♂♂, 10♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype • 1♀ (Paratype); Zhouzhi, Tianyu; 18–19 Aug. 1951; Io Chou leg.
Male: FL = 10.0‒11.1 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.2 mm; HL = 9.1‒10.0 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.1 mm. Female: FL = 10.5‒11.5 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.3 mm; HL = 9.6‒10.5 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.2 mm.
China: Shaanxi.
Panorpa neospinosa resembles P. sexspinosa, but differs from the latter in the conspicuous (cf. absent) basal spot.
Panorpa qinliengensis
Chou & Ran in
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) forewing with apical band broad, bearing large hyaline spot posteriorly; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and thin apical branch; marginal spot long and narrow or inconspicuous; basal band broad; basal spot extremely reduced or absent; (2) meso- and metanotum blackish brown with conspicuous yellowish mesal stripe; in males, (3) gonocoxites with triangular process on inner apex ventrally, bearing 1 or 2 long setae on inner margin subapically; (4) parameres crossed mesally, twisted in S-shape; in males, (5) medigynium with main plate almost oblong in shape, twice as long as wide; a pair of large basal plates reaching the middle of main plate; axis extended beyond main plate for two-fifths of its length anteriorly.
CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Qinling; 18 Aug. 1965; Io Chou & Jin-Sheng Lu leg. • 9 ♂♂, 10♀♀ (Paratypes); same data as holotype • 7♂♂, 5♀♀; Nanzheng, Liping Village; 1650 m a.s.l.; 9 Aug. 2011; Shuang Xue leg. • 9♂♂, 3♀♀; Liping National Forest Park, Qixingge; 1500 m a.s.l.; 30 Jun. 2018; Zheng Wei leg. • 2♂♂, 3♀♀; Zibaishan; 27 Jul. 2019 Kai Gao leg. • 1♂, 1♀; Qinling Railway Station; 34°14′13″N, 106°55′08″E; 1440 m a.s.l.; 18 Aug. 2019; Ning Li leg. – Sichuan Prov. • 3♂♂, 2♀♀; Wanyuan, Huaeshan; 1200 m a.s.l.; 16 Jun. 2018; Kai Gao & Yu-Ru Yang leg.
Male: FL = 10.2‒12.2 mm, FW = 2.8‒3.1 mm; HL = 9.0‒11.4 mm, HW = 2.7‒3.0 mm. Female: FL = 10.4‒12.7 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.2 mm; HL = 9.4‒11.6 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.1 mm.
China: Shaanxi, Sichuan.
This species is bivoltine, overwintering in the prepupal stage in the soil. Adults emerge from mid-May to early June and from late July to mid-August in Liping, Shaanxi (Cai & Hua 2009).
Panorpa sexspinosa
Cheng, 1949: 145, figs 4, 8, 9, 15 & 16. Type locality: “Taipaishan, Shensi” [now Taibaishan, Shaanxi], China; Cheng, 1957: 49, figs 81, 87, 89, 123, 124 & 278;
Panorpa sexspinosa zhongnanensis
Chou & Ran in
Panorpa shanyangensis
Chou & Wang in
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wing markings well-developed, forewing apical band broad with large hyaline spot posteriorly; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch, and thin or no apical branch; marginal spot slender or absent; basal band broad; basal spot absent (Figs
CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype of P. sexspinosa); Taibaishan; Jul. 1942; Io Chou leg. • 1♀ (Holotype of P. shanyangensis); Shanyang, Cuipingshan; 14 Aug. 1973; Chou Tian, Tian-Yin Zeng & Man-Sheng Ruan leg. • 1♂ (Holotype of P. sexspinosa zhongnanensis); Nanwutai; 28 Aug. 1980; Su-Mei Wang leg. • 15 ♀♀ (Paratypes of P. sexspinosa zhongnanensis); same data as previous; Su-Mei Wang et al. leg. • 2♂♂, 2♀♀ (Paratypes of P. sexspinosa zhongnanensis); Nanwutai; 8 Jul. 1979; Chou Tian & Tong Chen leg. • 1♂, 2♀♀; Taibaishan; 5 Jul. 2020; Bao-Zhen Hua & Xiao-Yan Wang leg. • 1♂; Qinling Railway Station; 18 Aug. 1965; Io Chou & Jin-Sheng Lu leg. • 32♂♂, 40♀♀; Ningshan, Huoditang; 5 May‒13 Jul. 2019; Xin Tong & Peng-Yang Wang leg. • 35♂♂, 42♀♀; Zhuque National Forest Park; 3 Sep. 2009; Yan-Kai Li & Jie Meng leg. • 1♂, 2♀♀; same data as previous; 8 Aug. 2020; Wan-Ruo Ma leg. • 3♂♂, 1♀; Tiantaishan Forest Park; 1500 m a.s.l.; 17 Jul. 2012; Qiong-Hua Gao & Yan-Yan Feng leg. • 3♀♀; Niubeiliang National Forest Park; 2200 m a.s.l.; 29 Jul. 2019; Kai Gao leg. – Gansu Prov. • 3♂♂, 2♀♀; Tianshui, Baihua Forest Farm; 7 Aug. 2011; Na Ma leg. • 1♂; Pingliang, Kongtongshan, Xiangshanding; 2090 m a.s.l.; 19 Jul. 2019; Yan-Na Zhang leg. – Henan Prov. • 1♂; Pingdingshan, Lushan, Yaoshan; 1200‒1400 m a.s.l.; 20 Jul. 2012; Bao-Zhen Hua leg. – Hubei Prov. • 1♂; Shennongjia, Badong, Tiansanping.
Panorpa sexspinosa Cheng, 1949 from Ningshan, Shaanxi. A, C‒H. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D–F. Genital bulb, dorsal, ventral (removing hypandrium), and ventral views. G–H. Aedeagal complex, ventral and lateral views. B, I‒K. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. I. Subgenital plate, ventral view. J–K. Medigynium, dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D–K = 0.2 mm.
Male: FL = 11.3‒14.3 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.5 mm; HL = 10.4‒13.2 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.3 mm. Female: FL = 11.6‒14.7 mm, FW = 3.1‒3.6 mm; HL = 10.5‒13.6 mm, HW = 2.9‒3.4 mm.
China: Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi.
Panorpa sexspinosa zhongnanensis was described from Nanwutai, Shaanxi. Based on our observations, no significant differences from the nominotypical subspecies have been found in morphological characters, including body colour, wing markings, and male and female genitalia. Therefore, P. sexspinosa zhongnanensis is here treated as a junior synonym of P. sexspinosa.
Panorpa shanyangensis was described from a single female specimen from Cuipingshan, Shanyang, Shaanxi. It resembles P. sexspinosa in gross morphology, although it can be distinguished from the latter by three pairs (cf. a pair) of lateral basal plates, three spots, and incomplete apical band with three separated small spots near the inner margin (cf. apical band broad with a large hyaline spot posteriorly). After dissecting series of female specimens of P. sexspinosa from the type locality and other localities, we found that each complete basal plate is formed by three sclerotized structures connected by membrane. After comparing the female genitalia of P. shanyangensis and P. sexspinosa, we found these two nominal species share highly similar lateral basal plates and outline of the main plate. It is reasonable to consider that the apical band with three separated small spots near the inner margin in P. shanyangensis is variation of wing markings, thus P. shanyangensis and P. sexspinosa are very likely conspecific. Consequently, P. shanyangensis is treated as a junior subjective synonym of P. sexspinosa. In addition, according to the collection records, Panorpa sexspinosa is very likely a bivoltine insect in Shaanxi.
Panorpa stigmosa Zhou, 2006: 274. Type Locality: Chishui Suoluo National Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China. Wang & Hua, 2018: 420, figs 5-154-1‒5-154-2.
This species can be recognized by the following features: (1) frons, vertex, occiput and ocellar triangle black brown to black (Figs
CHINA – Yunnan Prov. • 19♂♂, 21♀♀; Yulong Snow Mountain; 6 Jun. 2009; Jiang-Li Tan leg. • 23♂♂, 31♀♀; Weixi, Pantiange; 2600 m a.s.l.; 13 Jun. 2016; Gui-Lin Hu & Wei Du leg. • 35♂♂, 28♀♀; Pantiange; 27°19′27″N, 99°12′50″E; 2530 m a.s.l.; 3‒4 Jun. 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg.
Panorpa stigmosa Zhou, 2006 from Yulong Snow Mountain (A) and Weixi (B‒L), Yunnan. A‒B, D‒I. Male. A. Left forewing. B. Habitus, dorsal view (removing left forewing). D. Head, frontal view. E. Habitus, lateral view. F–G. Genital bulb, dorsal and ventral views. H–I. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. C, J‒L. Female. C. Habitus, dorsal view. J. Terminalia, ventral view. K–L. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: B–C = 5 mm; D = 0.5 mm; A, E = 2 mm; F–L = 0.2 mm.
Male: FL = 11.0‒11.7 mm, FW = 2.4‒2.7 mm; HL = 10.0‒10.7 mm, HW = 2.3‒2.6 mm. Female: FL = 11.2‒12.1 mm, FW = 2.5‒2.8 mm; HL = 10.4‒11.1 mm, HW = 2.4‒2.7 mm.
Male: Head (Figs
China: Guizhou; Yunnan.
This species was described from a single female specimen from Chishui, Guizhou with promient scattered wing markings. The specimens obtained from Yunnan match the characters of P. stigmosa. Here, the male of this species is described for the first time.
Panorpa typicoides Cheng, 1949: 143, figs 3, 13, 14, 28 & 31. Type locality: “Tachielu, Sikang” [now Kangding, Sichuan], China; Cheng, 1957: 40, figs 26, 36, 39, 66, 67, & 276; Wang & Hua, 2018: 416, figs 5-159-1–5-159-2.
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) wing markings well-developed, forewing apical band with two hyaline spots inside; pterostigmal band complete, with broad basal branch and connected or detached thin apical branch; marginal spot large; basal band split into two spots; basal spot prominent; (2) meso- and metanotum black, with broad pale mesal stripe; in males, (3) gonocoxites with cluster of long setae along oblique inner apex ventrally; (4) parameres crossed mesally, twisted in S-shape; in females, (5) main plate of medigynium twice as long as posterior arms; axis extended beyond main plate for half of its length anteriorly.
CHINA – Sichuan Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); “Tachielu” [now Kangding]; 5000‒8500 ft; 27 Aug. 1939; Fung Ying Cheng, Io Chou & Tein Ho Hei leg. • 1♀ (Paratype); same data as holotype • 1♀; Kangding; 2500 m a.s.l.; 28 May 1983; Yuan-Qing Chen leg. • 1♂, 1♀; Kangding; 2650 m a.s.l.; 29 May 1983; Shu-Yong Wang leg. • 1♀; Kangding; 2600 m a.s.l.; 4 Jun. 1983; Yuan-Qing Chen leg. • 4♀♀; Kangding, Paomashan; 30°02′41″N, 101°57′40″E; 2600 m a.s.l.; 27 Jun. 2019; Ning Li & Lu Liu leg. • 1♂; Kangding, Jintang; 30°25′33″N, 102°17′03″E; 2200 m a.s.l.; 5 Jul. 2019; Ning Li leg.
Male: FL = 12.1‒13.1 mm, FW = 2.9‒3.2 mm; HL = 11.1‒12.2 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.0 mm. Female: FL = 12.3‒13.9 mm, FW = 3.0‒3.3 mm; HL = 11.3‒13.1 mm, HW = 2.8‒3.2 mm.
China: Sichuan.
This species resembles P. jinchuana, but is different from the latter by the posterior arms half (cf. one-third) length of the main plate.
The new species can be recognized by the following features: (1) forewing with broad apical band occasionally bearing two inner hyaline spots; pterostigmal band with broad basal branch and thin apical branch; marginal spot narrow or reduced; basal band broad; basal spots extremely reduced and faint (Fig.
Panorpa uncinata sp. nov. from Yuncheng (A) and Huozhou (B‒L), Shanxi. A, C‒I. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Head, frontal view. D. Habitus, lateral view. E–G. Genital bulb, dorsal, ventral, and ventral (removing hypandrium) views. H–I. Aedeagal complex, lateral and ventral views. B, J‒L. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. J. Subgenital plate, ventral view. K–L. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C = 0.5 mm; D = 2 mm; E–L = 0.2 mm.
The specific name is derived from the Latin uncinata (hooked), referring to the hooked parameres.
Holotype: CHINA – Shanxi Prov. • ♂; Yuncheng, Shunwangping; 2000 m a.s.l.; 30 Jun. 2019; Kai Gao leg. Paratypes: CHINA – Shanxi Prov. • 1♀; same data as for holotype. • 1♂, 2♀♀; Linfen, Anziping Forest Farm; 1800 m a.s.l.; 1 Jul. 2019; Kai Gao leg. • 2♂♂, 2♀♀; Huozhou, Qiliyu; 2 Jul. 2019; Kai Gao leg. – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♀; Ankang, Zhenping; 18 Aug. 2018; Lin Lyu leg. – Henan Prov. • 2♂♂; Jiyuan, Wangwushan; 1700 m a.s.l.; 29 May 2019; Kai Gao leg. – Hubei Prov. • 1♂; Shennongjia, Yemahe; 1600 m a.s.l.; 29 Jul. 2016; Ji-Shen Wang leg. • 1♂; Badong, Tiechanghuang; 8 Jun. 2016; Ji-Shen Wang leg.
Measurements. Male: FL = 12.1–12.9 mm, FW = 3.2–3.4 mm; HL = 10.9–11.5 mm, HW = 3.1–3.3 mm. Female: FL = 12.1–13.6 mm, FW = 3.1–3.4 mm; HL = 11.0–12.3 mm, HW = 2.9–3.2 mm.
Male: Head (Fig.
China: Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi.
This new species resembles P. yangi, especially in the intensively curved, hook-like parameres, but can be readily differentiated from the latter by: (1) meso- and metanotum black, bearing a narrow (cf. very broad) yellow mesal stripe; (2) basal spots extremely reduced and faint (cf. large and distinct).
Panorpa yangi
Chou in
This species can be recognized from by the following features: (1) forewing with broad apical band bearing one hyaline spot posteriorly; pterostigmal and basal bands complete, broad; marginal and basal spots large, conspicuous (2) meso- and metanotum mostly yellowish brown and anterior margin blackish brown laterally; in males, (3) ventral termination of gonocoxites wavy, bearing 3‒6 long setae on inner portion; (4) parameres very slender, intensively curved, hook-like on apical halves, reaching two-thirds length of gonocoxites; in females, (5) main plate of medigynium approximately rectangular, twice as long as wide; a pair of simple lateral basal plates extending from base to middle of main plate; axis extended beyond main plate for two-thirds of its length anteriorly.
CHINA – Shaanxi Prov. • 1♂ (Holotype); Ganquan, Qingquangou;13 Aug. 1971; Chi-Kun Yang leg.; • 2 ♂♂ (Paratypes); same data as holotype • 5♂♂, 2♀♀; Shibao Forest Farm, Dayuangou; 1433 m a.s.l.; 5 Aug. 2016; Kai Gao & Shi-Xiang Jiang leg. • 1♀; Qigan Temple; 35°44′59″N, 109°53′33″E; 1622 m a.s.l.; 4 Jul. 2020; Kai Gao leg. • 12♂♂, 10♀♀; Fuxian, Zhangjiawan Forest Farm; 36°3′36″N, 108°51′25″E; 1027 m a.s.l.; 28 Jul. 2016; Kai Gao & Shi-Xiang Jiang leg. • 4♂♂, 11♀♀; Niuwu Forest Farm, Shaowan Reservoir; 36°5′17″N, 109°30′02″E; 1042‒1078 m a.s.l.; 1 Aug 2016; Kai Gao & Shi-Xiang Jiang leg. • 1♂; Xunyi, Shimen, Liangjiawan; 35°3′43″N, 108°32′16″E; 1520 m a.s.l.; 3 Jul. 2019; Meng-Di Li leg. • 3♂♂, 4♀♀; Ziwuling; 1‒4 Jul. 2019; Jian Shen leg.
Male: FL = 9.4‒10.6 mm, FW = 2.4‒2.6 mm; HL = 8.4‒9.5 mm, HW = 2.3‒2.5 mm. Female: FL = 9.6‒11.5 mm, FW = 2.5‒2.8 mm; HL = 8.7‒10.5 mm, HW = 2.4‒2.7 mm.
China: Shaanxi.
This species resembles P. neospinosa in wing markings, but can be differentiated from the latter by meso- and metanotum mostly yellowish brown (cf. blackish brown with pale yellow mesal stripe) and hook-like (cf. S-shaped) parameres.
This species can be readily recognized by the following characters: (1) forewing with apical band broad, bearing large hyaline spot on posterior margin; pterostigmal band with basal branch broad, and apical branch greatly reduced; basal band reduced into large spot near anal margin; marginal spot absent or as 1–3 small spots (Fig.
Panorpa yaoluopingensis sp. nov. from Yuexi, Anhui. A, C‒G. Male. A. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Head, frontal view. D. Habitus, lateral view. E. Genital bulb, ventral views. F–G. Aedeagal complex, dorsal and lateral views. B, H‒K. Female. B. Habitus, dorsal view. H‒I. Subgenital plate, ventral and lateral views. J–K. Medigynium, ventral and dorsal views. Scale bars: A–B = 5 mm; C, I = 0.5 mm; D = 2 mm; E–H, J–K = 0.2 mm.
The specific name refers to the type locality, Yaoluoping, Yuexi, Anhui.
Holotype: CHINA – Anhui Prov. • ♂; Yuexi, Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve; 18 Aug. 2013; Qiu-Lei Men leg. Paratypes: CHINA – Anhui Prov. • 3♂♂, 5♀♀; same data as holotype.
Male: FL = 11.4–12.0 mm, FW = 2.9–3.1 mm; HL = 10.3–11.2 mm, HW = 2.8–3.0 mm. Female: FL = 11.3–12.1 mm, FW = 3.1–3.2 mm; HL = 10.1–11.1 mm, HW = 3.0–3.1 mm.
Male: Head (Fig.
China: Anhui.
This new species resembles P. huayuani and P. sexspinosa in general appearance, but can be readily differentiated from the latter two species by the following characters: (1) wing markings with basal band reduced into a large spot extending from M to anal margin in forewing (cf. complete); (2) occiput dark brown (cf. yellowish brown).
Maximum parsimony analysis yielded eight most parsimonious trees, with tree length of 128, consistency index (CI) of 0.70 and retention index (RI) of 0.88. The strict consensus tree is shown in Figure
The phylogenetic trees are similar in topology between the MP and ML analyses, although the ML tree (Fig.
Based on the cladograms, Sinopanorpa Cai & Hua, Furcatopanorpa Ma & Hua, Dicerapanorpa Zhong & Hua, Cerapanorpa Gao, Ma & Hua, and Megapanorpa Wang & Hua are all nested within Panorpa Linneaus (Figs
In the present study, phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted for all the eight genera of Panorpidae based on 79 morphological characters. The P. davidi group sensu
In a morphological phylogenetic analysis,
Previously, the P. davidi group sensu
The species of the P. davidi group are normally found in the groundcover of moist forests in mountainous regions, with a broad spectrum of elevations. Panorpa difficilis inhabits ranges from 230 to 2050 m in elevation, whereas P. fructa is found only at high-altitude from 3300 to 4000 m in the Hengduan Mountains, exhibiting strong cold-adaptation. The P. davidi group not only exhibits a discrete distribution in the Taihang and Dabie Mountains, but also displays a circular distribution pattern around the Sichuan Basin, similar to that of Dicerapanorpa (
We are grateful to Kai Gao for comments on the early draft of the manuscript; Kai Gao, Xin Tong, Lu Liu, Lu-Yao Yang, and Le-Le He for providing pictures of live adult habitus and habitats. We also thank Jian-Yue Qiu, Hao Xu, Qiu-Lei Men, and Jian Shen for donating specimens. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments and suggestions to the revision of the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number 31172125).