Costalampys delicata sp. nov., by original designation.

Costalampys is proposed in honor of our dear Professor and friend, the entomologist Dr. Cleide Costa, which greatly influenced our lives and the study of beetles. Gender feminine.

Antenna with 11 antennomeres, covered in decumbent, short and thin bristles (Fig. 11A–B, 12L), antennal socket wide, about half as wide as eye, close-set, reniform, antennifer process conspicuous (Fig. 12A–F). Maxillary palpomere IV fusiform (Fig. 12A–F). Labial palpomere III securiform, with sides divergent posteriorly (Fig. 12A–F). Pronotum roughly semilunar, with a marginal row of wider, deep punctures; disc convex in lateral view; hypomeron with ventral margin sinuose (Fig. 13A–D). Abdominal terga with posterior angles almost right-angled to slightly produced (Fig. 14A). Tibial spurs present. Male with antennomeres III–X cylindrical and basally flabellate, lamellae up to five times longer than antennomere, sternum IX exposed, apically rounded (Fig. 14C). Phallus with dorsal and ventral plates; dorsal plate basally fused to parameres, with a subapical transversal keel, without transverse groove, apically rounded or acute, not indented (Fig. 16I–L). Female with antennae compressed and serrate (Fig. 15C).

Head capsule about a 1/3× longer than wide (in dorsal view, Fig. 12A), lateral margins slightly convergent posteriorly (Fig. 12A), slightly longer than tall (in lateral view, Fig. 12 C). Frons slightly prominent and swollen (Fig. 12C). Antennal sockets reniform, 1/2 as wide as eye; antennifer process conspicuous (Fig. 12A–D). Vertex somewhat convex, posterior margin bisinuose (Fig. 12A, B). Antenna with 11 antennomeres, scape constricted proximally, pedicel almost as long as wide and constricted medially, antennomeres III–X subequal in length, with decumbent bristles; Frontoclypeus slightly curved anteriorly (Fig. 12C). Labrum connected to frontoclypeus by membrane; about 3× wider than long, anterior margin straight to somewhat rounded, sclerotized or evanescent (Fig. 12D). Mandibles long and slender, monotonically arcuate, apex acute, internal tooth absent, external margin very sparsely setose at basal 1/2, bristles very thin and bright, barely visible (Fig. 12A–D). Maxilla with cardo well-sclerotized, triangular; stipe oblong in ventral view, internal margin slightly curved, posterior margins truncate, palp with four palpomeres; palpomere III triangular (dorsal view); IV lanceolate, with internal margin covered with minute, dense bristles, 2–3× longer than III (Fig. 12A–D). Labium with mentum well-sclerotized and bristled, completely divided sagittally, forming two plates, each plate elliptic, with inner margin almost straight, outer margin rounded; submentum sclerotized and bristled, subcordiform, elongate; palp with three palpomeres, palpomere III securiform, sides divergent, apical margin slightly curved (Fig. 12A–D). Gular sutures conspicuous; gular bar transverse and strongly emarginate posteriorly, as wide as submentum greater width. Occiput pyriform, about a 1/3× as wide as head posterior width (Fig. 12F). Tentorium long and slender, just slightly curved backwards, projected internally at basal 1/3, projection internally rounded (Fig. 12I–K). Thorax (Fig. 13A–L). Pronotum semilunar, posterior angles somewhat acute; disc slightly wider than long in dorsal view, convex, regularly punctured, punctures small and bristled; with a line of distinct deep marginal punctures; pronotal expansions well developed, anterior expansion maximal length almost half as long as disc, posterior expansion slightly sinuose, especially where disc meets lateral expansion, and by median line; slightly wider than humeral distance (Fig. 13A–D); lateral expansions straight in posterior view (Fig. 13C–D). Hypomeron slightly over 2× longer than tall (Fig. 13C). Prosternum about 4× as wide as its major length (Fig. 13B). Proendosternite apically clavate, as long as core prosternum major length (Fig. 12B, D). Mesoscutellum with posterior margin rounded (Fig. 13E). Elytra ellipsoid, 3–4× longer than wide, pubescent, secondary pubescence present, with a line of conspicuous punctures all over sutural and lateral margins (Fig. 11 A, B). Hind wing well-developed, posterior margin sinuose, slightly over 2× wider than long, r3 almost as long as r4, radial cell 2.5× wider than long, almost reaching anterior margin, costal row of setae inconspicuous (Fig. 13L); CuA2 crossvein absent, mp-cu crossvein present; RP+MP1+2 as long as 3/4× r4 length, reaching distal margin, J indistinct (Fig. 13L). Alinotum slightly wider than long, lateral margins slightly convergent posteriorly, posterior margin slightly curved; prescutum extending slightly beyond than half metascutum length (Fig. 13E); rounded area of scutum weakly sclerotized, scutum-prescutal plates sclerotized and extending ridges to alinotum posterior margin; metascutellum glabrous. Mesosternum weakly sclerotized, posterior margin medially acute (Fig. 13F, G). Mesoepimeron connate to metasternum (Fig. 13G). Mesosternum-mesepisternum suture barely visible (Fig. 13G). Mesepisternum-mesepimeron suture conspicuous (Fig. 13F, G). Metasternum strongly depressed by mesocoxae, anterior medial keel prominent up to anterior one third, discrimen reaching basal 1/2 of metasternum length, lateral margins divergent posteriorly up to lateral-most part of metacoxa, then convergent posteriorly, posterior margin bisinuose (Fig. 13F, G). Profemur about as long as protibia, meso and metafemora slightly shorter than respective tibiae (Fig. 13I–K). Tibial spurs present (Fig. 13I–K). Tarsomere I about 2× longer than II, II 2× longer than III, III subequal in length to core IV, IV bilobed, lobes reaching two thirds V length, V with claws simple, without inner teeth (Fig. 13I–K). Mesendosternum with two parasagittal projections directed outwards, irregularly alate (Fig. 13I–K). Metendosternum spatulate, roughly rhomboid, diamond-shaped (2× longer than wide, median projection acute anteriorly and posteriorly, with two acute lateral laminae) (Fig. 13H). Abdomen (Fig. 14A–H). Tergum I with anterior margin membranous (Fig. 14A), laterotergite membranous, roughly rectangular, with sparse bristles (Fig. 14A); spiracle elliptical, obliquely attached to thorax, more vertically so (Fig. 14A). Terga II–VII with posterior corners almost right-angled to slightly projected, somewhat rounded, posterior margins somewhat rounded (Fig. 14A, B). Sterna II–IX visible (Fig. 14B), VI often bearing a rounded lantern, of variable size. Spiracles dorsal, at sternum anterior th (Fig. 14A, B). Sternum VIII with lateral “larval” lanterns, posterior margins medially sinuose or mucronate (Fig. 14A, B). Pygidium with posterior margin centrally rounded (Fig. 9H) or almost truncate (Fig. 17H), sometimes posteriorly mucronate (Fig. 14C) posterior corners weekly produced or barely present. Male. Antennomeres III–X cylindrical and flabellate, with lamellae long and slender, of variable length, apical antennomere at least slightly longer than subapical one (Fig. 12L). Syntergite consisting of paired lateral plates convergent posteriorly (putatively tergite IX or paraproct), median transversal suture absent, anterior margin mildly to strongly convergent (Fig. 14D, E); not posteriorly fused to sternum IX. Sternum IX roughly symmetric, posterior margin rounded. Phallus (Fig. 14F–H) with a dorsal and a ventral plate; dorsal plate basally fused to parameres, without a transverse groove apically rounded or acute, not indented), curved dorsally or straight (in lateral view), with a subapical transversal keel; ventral plate elongate, with sides straight. Paramere slightly longer than dorsal plate, with a ventral subapical tooth. Female (Fig. 15D–I). Antenna compressed and serrate, with apical corners almost right-angled or projected and acute (Fig. 15A–C). Sternum VIII as long as wide, spiculum ventrale long and slender, 3/4× as long as sternum (Fig. 15D, E). Internal genitalia with a slightly sclerotized, elongate spermatophore-digesting gland, almost twice as long and slightly wider than the spermatheca, which is membranous and globose (Fig. 15F–I). Ovipositor short, valvifers free and slightly curved, slightly over 2× longer than coxite; proximal plates sclerotized, fused medially in a somewhat C-shaped structure (with sides straight and convergent apically, medially straight anteriorly, posterior margin slightly curved), coxites apically free (i.e. not fused), coxital baculi well-developed, sclerotized, apically convergent; styli as long as 1/4× coxite length, well-sclerotized; proctiger well-developed, formed by two elongate plates, convergent apically, laterotergite rudimentary, subquadrate in ventral view, weakly sclerotized, barely attached to valvifers (Fig. 15 F,G).

Five species of Costalampys gen. nov. have been observed active during daytime, namely C. decorata (Olivier, 1888) comb. nov., C. delicata sp. nov., C. joanae sp. nov., C. pauper (Olivier, 1899) comb. nov., and C. tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov. Males and females were observed perching on leaves of understory bushes and growing trees (as in Fig. 10). Males will sustain the antennae erect and pointed out towards the wind current, very similar to other firefly taxa with flabellate antennae, like many Ethra Laporte, 1833, Amydetes Illiger, 1807 and Cladodes species (L. Silveira pers. ob.). Given the similarity in overall morphology, it is likely that other Costalampys gen. nov. species in the genus are also diurnal. Where observed, lanterns are functional, and individuals will glow if disturbed. Other roles of bioluminescence (e.g., in courtship) are unknown.

In the Atlantic rainforest, with occasional records in adjacent Caatinga patches.

Costalampys gen. nov. superficially resembles the neotropical genera Psilocladus (type genus of Psilocladinae), Amydetes (type genus of Amydetinae), and Ethra (Lampyrinae) due to the branched antennae. Costalampys gen. nov. was found closer to lampyrine taxa in all our analyses, and never clustered with Amydetes (Amydetinae) or Psilocladus (Psilocladinae). Therefore, Costalampys gen. nov. is here tentatively placed as Lampyrinae, notwithstanding the lack of definitive diagnostic characters for the Lampyrinae (cf. Jeng 2008, Martin et al. 2019). While the tribal classification within Lampyrinae remains unsteady (Martin et al. 2019), we place Costalampys gen. nov. as incertae sedis within the subfamily.

Males of Costalampys gen. nov. especially resemble those of Ethra (Lampyrinae), and specimens we now recognise as Costalampys were often found in collections identified as Ethra (L. Silveira, unpublished results). However, Costalampys gen. nov. can be distinguished from Ethra by: antennal lamellae (Fig. 12L) basally inserted (apically inserted in Ethra); labial palpi (Fig. 12A–F) with sides apically divergent (parallel-sided in Ethra); and pygidium with sides rounded (Fig. 14C) (straight in Ethra). Females of all Ethra spp. remain unknown.

Costalampys gen. nov. shares several similarities with Scissicauda McDermott 1964, such as: antennal sockets large and close-set; maxillary palp with palpomere IV large and fusiform, submentum cordiform, pronotum semilunar, proendosternite apically clavate, elytral outline ellipsoid; metaendostenrite elongate, rhomboid; abdominal sternum II bearing paired vitreous spots medially; aedeagus with phallus bearing dorsal and ventral plates, dorsal plate enlarged apically, projecting ventrally and partially embracing the internal sac. It is also noteworthy that the genotypic S. disjuncta also has basally flabellate antennae, although its bristles are long and erect (Silveira et al. 2016b). However, Costalampys differs from Scissicauda by: pronotal disc strongly convex in lateral view (almost flat in Scissicauda); hypomeron strongly sinuose (mildly sinuose in Scissicauda); sternum VIII as long as VII, posterior margin medially mucronate or slightly sinuose (at least a 1/5× longer, and posterior margin strongly sinuose in Scissicauda); sternum IX visible (concealed in Scissicauda); male pygidium rounded posteriorly, sometimes mucronate (with sides divergent and posterior margin strongly indented in Scissicauda); phallus with dorsal plate without a transverse medial groove (present in in Scissicauda); internal female genitalia with spermatheca (absent in Scissicauda [based on the type species S. disjuncta]), ovipositor in Scissicauda [based on the type species S. disjuncta]).

Overall brown. Pronotal disc of variable color, from having paired pink spots to entirely pink (Fig. 6A, C, F), pronotal expansions dark brown, often brighter at anterior corners. Elytron (Fig. 6A, C) dark brown with a pale-yellow longitudinal stripe as long as about 4/5× elytron length. Legs dark brown, except for trochanters, which are light brown. Sternum VIII with lateral vitreous spots. Pygidium brown (Fig. 6H).

Figure 6. 

Costalampys bella sp. nov. A, Male habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, ventral view; C, Female habitus, dorsal view; D, Female habitus, ventral view; E, Male antena, lateral view; F, Male pronotum, dorsal view; G, Male terminal segments, ventral view; H, Pygidium, dorsal view; I, Syntergite, dorsal view; J, Sternum IX, Ventral view; K, Aedeagus, dorsal view; L, Aedeagus, lateral view; M, Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–D); Scale bar: 1.0 mm (E; G); Scale bar: 0.5 mm (F; H–M).

Pronotum (Fig. 6F) with sides almost straight, mildly divergent posteriorly. Male. Total length = 8.4–8.8 mm (aver. 8.6 mm); Pronotal length = 1.8 mm; Pronotal width = 2.6–2.7 mm (aver. 2.65 mm); Elytral length = 6.0–6.6 mm (aver. 6.3 mm); Elytral width = 1.7–1.8 mm (aver. 1.75 mm). Antennomere III (Fig. 6E) with lamella about 1.5× longer than core antennomere. Sternum VI (Fig. 6B, G) with a small lantern, occupying the medial 1/6 of sternum length, not reaching its anterior margin. Sternum VIII with posterior margin medially sinuose. Pygidium (Fig. 6H) with sides rounded, posterior corners barely visible, posterior margin medially mucronate. Syntergite (Fig. 6I) boomerang-shaped (with anterior margin strongly curved). Phallus with dorsal plate bent dorsally (lateral view), with sides rounded at apical half, slightly convergent apically. Paramere (Fig. 6K–M) apex curved ventrally, ventral projection (lateral view) well developed, almost right-angled. Female (Fig. 6C, D). Total length = 7.6 mm; Pronotal length = 1.5 mm; Pronotal width = 2.2 mm; Elytral length = 6.3 mm; Elytral width = 1.6 mm. Antennomeres III–X with apical corners almost right-angled, not projected, sterna VI and VII lacking lanterns.

Costalampys bella sp. nov. (Fig. 6A, B) is similar to C. delicata sp. nov. (Fig. 11A, B) C. joanae sp. nov. (Fig. 16A, B), C. tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov. (Fig. 21A, B), and C. decorata (Olivier, 1888) comb. nov. (Fig. 9A, B), in the dorsal color pattern (overall brown or dark brown, with pronotal disc broadly pink, and with an elongate pale-yellow spot on elytron). C. bella sp. nov. is unique among the aforementioned species by the sides of pronotum almost straight in both sexes (rounded in the others), the lack of lanterns in females (present in the others), and antennomere III lamella 1.5 longer than core antennomere in males (as long as [C. delicata sp. nov.], or 2× [C. tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov.], 2.5× [C. decorata (Olivier, 1888) comb. nov.] or 4× longer [C. joanae sp. nov.] than core antennomere in the others). Costalampys bella sp. nov. is most similar to C. tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov., but can be further distinguished from it by the male pygidium with posterior margin mucronate (rounded in C. tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov.).

Bella is a Latin adjective that means “beautiful”.

Holotype: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1 ♂, Itatiaia, Itatiaia National Park, Malaise Pensario P2 (22°25’59,6”S, 44°37’39,7”W, 1280 m), 1♂, I.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ). Paratype: 2♂, same label as holotype, but XII.2014 (DZRJ). BRAZIL: São Paulo: 1♀, São Luiz do Paraitinga, Serra do Mar State Park, Núcleo Sta. Virgínia, Malaise trap, Ponto 1, 23°19’27.1”S, 45°05’38.4”W, 22.XI.2010, N.W. Perioto & eq. Col. (DZRJ).

Overall dark brown. Pronotal disc (Fig. 7F) dark brown, lacking vittae, pronotal expansions variable, from having anterior small vittae to almost entirely pale yellow, except by posterior margin, which is outlined in brown, blending with the dark brown disc color. Elytron (Fig. 7A, C) dark brown or brown, with a pale-yellow longitudinal stripe about 1/2 as long as elytra, usually with a roundish pale yellow spot at posterior 3/4 of elytral length, reaching inner suture, as wide as about 1/3× elytral width. Legs (Fig. 7B, D) dark brown, except for trochanters and, sometimes, metacoxa, which are light brown. Sternum VIII with lateral vitreous spots. Pygidium (Fig. 7H) with medial 1/5 brown, with lateral pale-yellow stripes in males, entirely brown in females.

Figure 7. 

Costalampys bisbinotata (Pic) comb. nov. A, Male habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, ventral view; C, Female habitus, dorsal view; D, Female habitus, ventral view; E, Male antena, lateral view; F, Male pronotum, dorsal view; G, Male terminal segments, ventral view; H, Pygidium, dorsal view; I, Syntergite, dorsal view; J, Sternum IX, Ventral view; K, Aedeagus, dorsal view; L, Aedeagus, lateral view; M, Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–D); Scale bar: 1.0 mm (E; G); Scale bar: 0.5 mm (F; H–M).

Pronotum (Fig. 7F) with sides rounded, divergent posteriorly. Male. Total length = 7.8 mm; Pronotal length = 1.9 mm; Pronotal width = 2.8 mm; Elytral length = 6.2; Elytral width = 2.0 mm. Antennomere III (Fig. 7E) with lamella about 2× longer than core antennomere. Sternum VI (Fig. 7G) with lantern of moderate size, occupying the medial 1.4 of the sternum, reaching its anterior margin. Sternum VIII with posterior margin bisinuose. Pygidium (Fig. 7H) with sides rounded, posterior corners weakly developed, posterior margin variably rounded to almost straight. Syntergite (Fig. 7I, J) with anterior margin mildly curved. Phallus (Fig. 7K–M) with dorsal plate almost straight in lateral view, with sides straight and acuminate at apical half. Paramere apex curved ventrally, ventral projection (lateral view) inconspicuous. Female. Total length = 8.0–8.7 mm (aver. 8.35 mm); Pronotal length = 1.8–2.1 mm (aver. 1.95 mm); Pronotal width = 2.6–3.0 mm (aver. 2.8 mm); Elytral length = 6.3–6.7 mm (aver. 6.5 mm); Elytral width = 1.9–2.0 mm (aver. 1.95 mm). Antennomeres III–X with apical corners projected, pointed, sterna VI and VII lacking lanterns.

Platylampis Motschulsky, 1853 is currently a consortium of morphologically very disparate species, with no clear-cut definition to accommodate all its species (cf. Silveira et al. 2019). We did not include the type species P. latiuscula Motschulsky, 1853 in our phylogenetic analyses because we had no permission to dissect any specimen of that species – internal traits constitute an important part of our character list (see section 3.1). However, we did study the external morphology of P. latiuscula Motschulsky, 1853, and were able to contrast its morphology with that of P. bisbinotata Pic, 1943. It becomes evident that the latter is more similar to Costalampys spp. than to P. latiuscula Motschulsky, 1853. Specifically, P. latiuscula Motschulsky, 1853 males have serrate antennae, terga VI and VII with posterior corners well-developed, projected posteriorly and pointed, sternum VII with posterior margin medially notched, sternum IX with posterior margin strongly acuminate, pygidium with well-developed posterior corners, and with central portion acuminate. However, C. bisbinotata (Pic, 1943) comb. nov. males have flabellate antennae with basally branching lamellae, terga VI and VII with posterior corners just slightly produced, sternum VII with posterior margin medially straight, sternum IX with posterior margin rounded, pygidium with weakly developed posterior corners, and with central portion rounded – all of which are defining characters of Costalampys gen. nov. (see above). Along with our phylogenetic analyses, these observations support the transfer of P. bisbinotata Pic, 1943 to Costalampys gen. nov., therefore C. bisbinotata (Pic, 1943). Pic (1943) has not given an etymology for P. bisbinotata, but it could mean “with four spots” (i.e two times double spots) in Latin, referring to its color pattern.

Costalampys bisbinotata (Pic, 1943) comb. nov. is similar to C. capixaba sp. nov. and C. quadriguttata (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov. in the pronotal color pattern (overall dark brown; pronotal disc dark brown, lacking vittae, pronotal expansions somewhat translucent anteriorly, almost entirely pale yellow, except by posterior margin, which is outlined in brown, blending with the dark brown disc color). It differs from both species by the lack of lanterns in females (present on sternum VI in the others). Costalampys bisbinotata (Pic, 1943) comb. nov. differs from C. capixaba sp. nov. by the shorter elytral pale-yellow stripe in both sexes (about 1/2 as long as elytra), and pygidium with lateral translucent spots in males (elytral stripe as long as about 4/5× elytral length, lanterns present in females, and male pygidium entirely brown in C. capixaba sp. nov.). Costalampys bisbinotata (Pic, 1943) comb. nov. differs from C. quadriguttata (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov. by the sternum VIII and pygidium medially dark brown in both sexes (entirely translucent in C. quadriguttata (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov.).

Costalampys bisbinotata (Pic, 1943) comb. nov. was described from Brazil (Pic, 1943), and the syntype examined was collected in Brazilian state of Bahia (without further details). Here we provide for the first time detailed information on the temporal and geographic occurrence of the species.

Syntype: BRAZIL: Bahia: 1 female (MNHN, col. M. Pic).

BRAZIL: Bahia: 1♂, Camacan, R.P.P.N. Serra Bonita, Alojamento, 15°23’16’’S, 39°33’58,6’’W, 757 m, Varredura, 28–29.II.2012, D. Takiya col. (DZRJ); Uruçuca: 1♀, P.E. Serra do Conduru, Mirante 2, Malaise trap, 11–13.III.2015, L. Silveira, Khattar & Vaz col. (DZRJ); Serra do Conduru, Parque Estadual Serra do Conduru, Malaise PESC 2, 1♂, 09–14.III.2015, L. F. Silveira et al. col. (DZRJ).

Overall dark brown. Pronotal disc (Fig. 8F) dark brown, lacking vittae, pronotal expansions almost entirely pale yellow dark brown, except by posterior margin, which is outlined in brown, blending with the dark brown disc color. Elytron (Fig. 8A, C) dark brown or brown, with a pale-yellow longitudinal stripe about as long as 3/5× elytral length. Legs (Fig. 8B–D) dark brown, except for trochanters, which are light brown. Sternum VIII (Fig. 8G) with lateral vitreous spots. Pygidium (Fig. 8H) entirely brown.

Figure 8. 

Costalampys capixaba sp. nov. A, Male habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, ventral view; C, Female habitus, dorsal view; D, Female habitus, ventral view; E, Male antena, lateral view; F, Male pronotum, dorsal view; G, Male terminal segments, ventral view; H, Pygidium, dorsal view; I, Syntergite, dorsal view; J, Sternum IX, Ventral view; K, Aedeagus, dorsal view; L, Aedeagus, lateral view; M, Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–D); Scale bar: 1.0 mm (E–M).

Pronotum (Fig. 8F) with sides rounded, divergent posteriorly. Male. Total length = 7.3–8.1 mm (aver. 7.7 mm); Pronotal length = 1.6–1.8 mm (aver. 1.7 mm); Pronotal width = 2.4–2.6 mm (aver. 2.5 mm); Elytral length = 5.8–6.0 mm (aver. 5.9 mm); Elytral width = 1.5–1.6 mm (aver. 1.55 mm). Antennomere III (Fig. 8E) with lamella almost 3× longer than core antennomere. Sternum VI (Fig. 8B, G) with a lantern of moderate size, occupying the medial 1.4 of the sternum, reaching its anterior margin. Sternum VIII (Fig. 8G) with posterior margin bisinuose. Pygidium (Fig. 8H) with sides rounded, posterior corners barely visible, posterior margin rounded. Syntergite (Fig. 8I, J) with anterior margin mildly curved. Phallus (Fig. 8K–M) with dorsal plate almost straight in lateral view, with sides straight and acuminate at apical half. Paramere apex curved ventrally, ventral projection (lateral view) inconspicuous. Female (Fig. 8C, D). Total length = 8.3–8.7 mm (aver. 8.5 mm); Pronotal length = 1.6–1.8 mm (aver. 1.7 mm); Pronotal width = 2.5–2.7 mm (aver. 2.6 mm); Elytral length = 6.2–6.6 mm (aver. 6.5 mm); Elytral width = 1.9–2.0 mm (aver. 1.95 mm). Antennomeres III–X with apical corners projected, pointed, Sternum VI (Fig. 8D) with a small lantern, occupying the medial 1/6 of the sternum, reaching its anterior margin.

Costalampys capixaba sp. nov. is similar to C. bisbinotata (Pic, 1943) comb. nov. and C. quadriguttata (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov. in the pronotal color pattern (overall dark brown; pronotal disc dark brown, lacking vittae, pronotal expansions somewhat translucent anteriorly, almost entirely pale yellow, except by posterior margin, which is outlined in brown, blending with the dark brown disc color), but can be distinguished from both species by the more elongate elytral pale yellow stripe (as long as 4/5× elytral length in C. capixaba sp. nov., versus 1/2 as long, in the other mentioned species), and the pygidium entirely brown in males (at least partially translucent in the others). Other traits that distinguish C. capixaba sp. nov. from C. quadriguttata (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov. are the elytron without a roundish pale-yellow spot at posterior 3/4, reaching inner suture (present, and about as wide as a 1/3 of elytra in C. quadriguttata (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov) and the sternum VII entirely dark brown in both sexes (with a central translucent spot in C. quadriguttata (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov). Finally, C. capixaba sp. nov. can also be discriminated from C. bisbinotata (Pic, 1943) comb. nov. by the presence of a rounded lantern on sternum VI in females (absent in C. bisbinotata (Pic, 1943)).

Capixaba is the Portuguese gentilic name for the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, where the species occurs. Noun in apposition.

Holotype: BRAZIL: Espírito Santo: 1♂, Santa Teresa, 5.XI.1964, Claudionor Elias col. (DZUP). Paratype: 1♀, same data as holotype, except 5.XI.1964 (DZUP); 1♀, same data as holotype, except 26.X.1964 (DZUP); 1♂, same data as holotype, except 29.X.1966, C.T. & C. Elias col. (DZUP); 1♂, same data as holotype, except 16.XI.1967, C.T. & C. Elias col. (DZUP).

Overall black. Pronotal disc (Figs 9F, H, 10) entirely pink or orangish, sometimes as two almost contiguous spots occupying most disc, pronotal expansions from entirely black to entirely testaceous, mildly translucent anteriorly. Elytron (Fig. 9A, C) black, with a pale-yellow longitudinal stripe about 4/5× as long as elytra. Legs (Fig. 9B, D) dark brown to black, except for trochanters, which are brown. Sternum VIII entirely dark brown, without lateral vitreous spots. Pygidium (Fig. 9H) entirely dark brown.

Figure 9. 

Costalampys decorata (Olivier) comb. nov. A, Male habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, ventral view; C, Female habitus, dorsal view; D, Female habitus, ventral view; E, Male antena, lateral view; F, Male pronotum, dorsal view; G, Male terminal segments, ventral view; H, Pygidium, dorsal view; I, Syntergite, dorsal view; J, Sternum IX, Ventral view; K, Aedeagus, dorsal view; L, Aedeagus, lateral view; M, Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–D; G–H); Scale bar: 0.5 mm (I–M).

Pronotum (Fig. 9F) with sides rounded, divergent posteriorly. Male. Total length = 12.4–12.9 mm (aver. 12.65 mm); Pronotal length = 2.2–2.6 mm (aver. 2.4 mm); Pronotal width = 3.5–3.8 mm (aver. 3.65 mm); Elytral length = 9.5–10.3 mm (aver. 9.9 mm); Elytral width = 2.1–2.5 mm (aver. 2.3 mm). Antennomere III (Fig. 9E) with lamella about 2.5× longer than core antennomere. Sternum VI (Fig. 9B) with a lantern of moderate size, occupying the medial 1.3 of the sternum, reaching its anterior margin. Sternum VIII (Fig. 9G) with posterior margin bisinuose. Pygidium with sides rounded, posterior corners weakly developed, posterior margin rounded to almost straight. Syntergite (Fig. 9I, J) boomerang-shaped (with anterior margin strongly curved). Phallus (Fig. 9K–M) with dorsal plate curved dorsally in lateral view, with sides straight and acuminate at apical half. Paramere apex almost straight, ventral projection (lateral view) well-developed, almost right-angled. Female (Fig. 9C, D). Total length = 12.9–13.3 mm (aver. 13.1 mm); Pronotal length = 2.3–2.7 mm (aver. 2.5 mm); Pronotal width = 3.6–3.9 mm (aver. 3.75 mm); Elytral length = 9.0–9.6 mm (aver. 9.3 mm); Elytral width = 2.4–2.7 mm (aver. 2.55 mm). Antennomeres III–X with apical corners projected, pointed, Sternum VI (Fig. 9D) with moderate lanterns, occupying the medial 1.3 of the sternum, almost reaching its anterior margin.

Olivier (1888) described Ethra decorata based on specimens from Brazil (Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro State), and mentioned that the specimens had testaceous pronotal expansions. Later on, Olivier (1909) described a variant of Ethra decorata with darker pronotal expansions, which he named “var. Circumcincta”, but didn’t mention any type locality – the holotype examined is from Brazil, Minas Gerais. The latter variant must be deemed as a subspecies according to ICZN article ICZN Art. 45.6.4, therefore Ethra decorata circumcincta Olivier, 1909 (according to Art. 5.2). After analyzing a larger series of C. decorata (Olivier, 1888) comb. nov. (including type material of both subspecies), we found out that some individuals in the same population had pronotal expansions of variable color – some were testaceous, and others were dark brown to varying degrees. Therefore, we synonymize here both subspecies, Ethra decorata decorata Olivier, 1888, and Ethra decorata circumcincta Olivier, 1909, the former having priority over time.

Pic (1938) published a study about mimicry across firefly species from Brazil, including some new taxa. He noted that a new variety (i.e. a subspecies, see above), Lucidota oculata diversicollis Pic, 1938 was very similar to Ethra decorata Olivier, 1888, but with different antennae, among other traits. The holotype of Lucidota oculata diversicollis Pic, 1938 is a female specimen, cospecific of Ethra decorata. Hence, after the study of the type material, we synonymize Lucidota oculata diversicollis Pic, 1938 with Ethra decorata, which has priority over time. After our phylogenetic analyses (see section 3.2), we transfer Ethra decorata to Costalampys gen. nov., therefore Costalampys decorata (Olivier, 1888) comb. nov.

In the same aforementioned work on mimicry, Pic (1938) described a second subspecies of E. decorata, which he named Ethra decorata schneideri Pic, 1938. After the study of the holotype, we synonymize it with Lucidota tricolor Gorham, 1880, which we transfer to Costalampys gen. nov. (see below) in this paper.

Olivier (1888) does not give an explicit etymology for decorata, but we assume it was based on the Latin word for “decorated” or “adorned”.

Costalampys decorata (Olivier, 1888) comb. nov. is similar to C. delicata sp. nov., C. joanae sp. nov., C. tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov., and C. bella sp. nov., in the dorsal color pattern (overall brown or dark brown, with pronotal disc broadly pink, and with an elongate pale-yellow spot on elytron). C. decorata (Olivier, 1888) comb. nov. is unique among the aforementioned species by having more well-developed lanterns – both in males and females – which occupy the medial 1/3 of the sternum, reaching or almost reaching the anterior margin of the sternum. The sternum VI lantern is never longer than 2/3× sternum length, or wider than 1/5× sternum width in the other similar species given above.

Costalampys decorata (Olivier, 1888) comb. nov. was previously reported for the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Here, we expand the geographic range to the states of Espírito Santo and São Paulo, and provide for the first time detailed information of temporal occurrence of the said species.

Syntype of Ethra decorata Olivier, 1888: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1♂, Sahlberg col. (MNHN – col. E. Olivier). Holotype of Ethra decorata circumcincta Olivier, 1888: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: 1 male (MNHN – col. E. Olivier). Holotype of Lucidota oculata diversicollis Pic, 1938: BRAZIL: 1 female (MNHN – col. M. Pic)

BRAZIL: Espírito Santo: 1♀, Santa Tereza, V. Alegre, 13–17.III.67, C & C.T. Elias leg. (DZUP); Rio de Janeiro: 1♀, Angra dos Reis, Ilha Grande, Vila do Abraão, 22–24.IX.2017, L. Silveira col. (DZRJ); 1♂, Angra dos Reis, Pico do Papagaio, 200-400 m, 22–24.IX.2017, L. Silveira col. (DZRJ); 2♂, Angra dos Reis, P.E. Ilha Grande, Trilha Pico do Papagaio, active search [around noon], 750 m, 29.VII.2017, L. Silveira col. (DZRJ); 1♂, PE Ilha Grande, Malaise trap, 23°08’49.9”S, 44°10’51.5”W, 336 m, IX.2017, L. Silveira, S. Vaz, R. Queiroz & L. Campello col. (DZRJ); 1♀, PE Ilha Grande, Malaise 450B (24°08’47”S, 44°11’10.5”W, 444 m), IX.2017, L. Campello, L. Silveira & R. Queiroz col. (DZRJ); 1♂, PE Ilha Grande, Malaise IG2A, 23°09’12.4”S, 44°11’24.1”W, 720 m, VIII.2017, L. Campello, L. Silveira & R. Queiroz col. (DZRJ). 1♂, Rio de Janeiro, P.N da Tijuca, Malaise trap, 22°56.792’S, 43°17.504’W, 815 m, X.2016, L. SIlveira, S. Vaz & B. Clarkson col. (DZRJ); 1♂, P.N. da Tijuca, Próx. a Bom Retiro, Malaise 02 (22°34’10.8”S, 43°10’36.4”W, 784 m), 01.IX–04.X.2016, L. Silveira and B. Clarkson col. (DZRJ); 2♂, P. N. da Floresta da Tijuca, Trilha Bom Retiro-Cocanha, 24.IX.2016, L. Silveira & S. Vaz col. (DZRJ); 1♀, 07.I.2017, active search [around noon], L. Silveira col. (DZRJ). — From photography: BRAZIL: São Paulo: 1♂, Votorantim, 25.11.2011 (Photo: Enio Branco, Fig. 10).

Figure 10. 

Costalampys decorata (Olivier) comb. nov., male in natural environment (in Brazil: SP, Votorantim). Photo author: Enio Branco.

Overall brown. Pronotal disc (Fig. 13A) pink, usually with a large black line in the middle, pronotal expansions variably dark brown to almost entirely testaceous. Elytron (Fig. 11A, B) dark brown with a pale yellow longitudinal stripe about 4/5× as long as elytron. Legs pale yellow. Sternum VIII (Fig. 14C) with lateral vitreous spots. Pygidium brown.

Figure 11. 

Costalampys delicata sp. nov. A, Male habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–B).

Pronotum (Fig. 13A) with sides rounded and divergent posteriorly. Sternum VI (Fig. 14A) with a small lantern, occupying the medial 1.6 of the sternum, not reaching its anterior margin. Male. Total length = 9.1–9.9 mm (aver. 9.5 mm); Pronotal length = 1.8 mm; Pronotal width = 2.5–2.7 mm (aver. 2.6 mm); Elytral length = 6.1–6.5 mm (aver. 6.3 mm); Elytral width = 1.6–1.7 mm (aver. 1.65 mm). Antennomere I with lamella as long as core antennomere. Sternum VIII with posterior margin medially sinuose. Pygidium (Fig. 14C) with sides rounded, posterior corners barely visible, posterior margin medially mucronate. Syntergite boomerang-shaped (with anterior margin strongly curved). Phallus with dorsal plate bent dorsally (lateral view), with sides rounded and acuminate at apical half. Paramere apex curved ventrally, ventral projection (lateral view) well developed, almost right-angled. Female. Total length = 9.9–11.0 mm (aver. 10.45 mm); Pronotal length = 2.1–2.2 mm (aver. 2.15 mm); Pronotal width = 3.0–3.3 mm (aver. 2.6 mm); Elytral length = 7.4–7.8 mm (aver. 7.6 mm); Elytral width = 2.1–2.2 mm (aver. 2.15 mm). Antennomeres (Fig. 15A–C) III–X with apical corners almost right-angled, not projected.

Figure 12. 

Costalampys delicata sp. nov., male head. A, Head capsule, dorsal view; B, Head capsule, ventral view; C, Head capsule, lateral view; D, Head capsule, frontal view; E, Head capsule, posterior view; F, Head capsule, occipital view; G, Mandible, dorsal view; H, Mandible, ventral view; I, Tentorium, dorsal view; J, Tentorium, frontal view; K, Tentorium, lateral view; L, antenna, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A–K); Scale bar: 1.0 mm (L).

Figure 13. 

Costalampys delicata sp. nov. A, Male prothorax, dorsal view; B, Male prothorax, ventral view; C, Male prothorax, lateral view; D, Male prothorax, posterior view; E, Mesoscutellum and alinotum, dorsal view; F, Pterothoracical sclerites, lateral view; G, Pterothoracical sclerites, ventral view; H, Pterothoracical sclerites, lateral view; I, Proleg, lateral view; J, Mesoleg, lateral view; K, Metaleg, lateral view; L, Right wing, dorsal. Scale bar: 1 mm (A–K); Scale bar: 2.0 mm (L).

Figure 14. 

Costalampys delicata sp. nov. A, Abdominal sclerites, dorsal view; B, Abdominal sclerites, ventral view; C, Pygidium, dorsal view; D, Syntergite, dorsal view; E, Sternite IX, ventral view; F, Aedeagus, dorsal view; G, Aedeagus, lateral view; H, Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A–H).

Figure 15. 

Costalampys delicata sp. nov. A, Female habitus, dorsal view; B, Female habitus, ventral view; C, Female antenna, lateral view; D, Sternum VIII, ventral view; E, Pygidium, Dorsal view; F, Ovipositor, dorsal view; G, Ovipositor, lateral view; H, Internal genitalia, dorsal view; I, Internal genitalia, ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–C); Scale bar: 1.0 mm (D–I).

The type species Costalampys delicata sp. nov. is similar to C. bella sp. nov., Costalampys joanae sp. nov., C. tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov., and C. decorata (Olivier, 1888) comb. nov., in the dorsal color pattern (overall brown or dark brown, with pronotal disc broadly pink, and with an elongate pale-yellow spot on elytron). C. delicata sp. nov. is unique among the aforementioned species by the pale-yellow legs in both sexes (overall brown or dark brown in the others), and antennomere III with lamella short, as long as core antennomere in males (at least 1.5 longer in the others).

Delicata is a Latin adjective that means delicate.

Holotype: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1♂, Teresópolis, P.N. Serra dos Órgãos, Malaise trap, PVE9B (22°26’57.8”S, 43°0’13.7”W, 1,236 m), I.2016, L. Silveira col. (DZRJ). Paratype: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1♂, Paraty, P.N. Serra da Bocaina, Estr. Paraty-Cunha, 1514 m, 23.I.2010, Mattos, I. & Mermudes col. (DZRJ); 1♀, Teresópolis, P.N. Serra dos Órgãos, Trilha da Pedra do Sino, Cach. Véu da Noiva, 29–31.I.2014, active search [morning ~10am], L. Silveira col. (DZRJ); 1♀, P.N. Serra dos Órgãos, I.2014, PENSARIOP2 (22°26’48”S, 43°00’42,6”W, 1050 m), 1♂, Malaise trap, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); Teresópolis, P.N. Serra dos Órgãos, Represa Beija-Flor, 14–17.I.2015, active search [afternoon ~3pm], L. Silveira col. (DZRJ); 1♂, P.N. Serra dos Órgãos, Malaise trap, PVE7B (22°27’24,8”S, 42°59’7,2”W, 952 m), I.2015, L. Silveira col. (DZRJ); 1♂, 2♀, PVE9A (22°26’55,1”S, 43°00’16,4”W, 1246 m), XII.2015, Silveira & Khattar col. (DZRJ); 1♀, Teresópolis, P.N. Serra dos Órgãos, I.1969, Porter & Garcia col. (DZUP).

Entirely dark brown to black, except by paired pink vittae on pronotal disc (Fig. 16A), as about as long as 1/2× disc length, as wide as 1/3× disc width. Elytron (Fig. 16A) dark brown to black, without any pale-yellow longitudinal stripe. Legs (Fig. 16B) dark brown to black. Sternum VIII entirely dark brown, without lateral vitreous spots. Pygidium (Fig. 16F) entirely dark brown.

Figure 16. 

Costalampys joanae sp. nov. A, Male habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, ventral view; C, Male antenna, lateral view; D, Male pronotum, dorsal view; E, Sternum IX, ventral view; F, Pygidium, dorsal view; G, Syntergite, dorsal view; H, Sternum IX, Ventral view; I, Aedeagus, dorsal view, blue arrow pointing to the transverse keel on the dorsal plate; J, Aedeagus, lateral view; K, Aedeagus, ventral view; L, Aedeagus, oblique view, red arrow pointing to the ventral plate. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–C); Scale bar: 1.0 mm (D–L).

Pronotum (Fig. 16D) with sides rounded, divergent posteriorly. Male. Total length = 10.6 mm; Pronotal length = 2.2 mm; Pronotal width = 3.6 mm; Elytral length = 8.4 mm; Elytral width = 2.3 mm. Antennomere III (Fig. 16C) with lamella about 4× longer than core antennomere. Sternum VI (Fig. 16B) with a small lantern, occupying the medial 1/6 of the sternum, not reaching its anterior margin. Sternum VIII (Fig. 16E) with posterior margin bisinuose. Pygidium (Fig. 16F) with sides rounded and abruptly converging posteriorly from basal third on, posterior corners barely visible, posterior margin rounded, somewhat acuminate. Syntergite (Fig. 16G,H) boomerang-shaped (with anterior margin strongly curved). Phallus (Fig. 16I–L) with dorsal plate curved dorsally in lateral view, with sides rounded at apical half, slightly convergent apically. Paramere apex almost straight, ventral projection (lateral view) moderately developed, almost right-angled. Female. Unknown.

Costalampys joanae sp. nov. is similar to C. delicata sp. nov., C. decorata (Olivier, 1888) comb. nov., C. tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov., and C. bella sp. nov., in the dorsal color pattern (overall brown or dark brown, with pronotal disc broadly pink, and with an elongate pale-yellow spot on elytron). Costalampys joanae sp. nov. is unique among the aforementioned species by having a longer antennomere III lamella, which is about 4× longer than core antennomere, as well as sides of pygidium strongly convergent posteriorly (homogeneously rounded in the other species).

Joanae is named after JRMM’s daughter, Joana. Noun in genitive case.

Holotype: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1♂, Teresópolis, P.N. Serra dos Órgãos, Trilha para abrigo do Açu, 09.I.2014, active search [afternoon], P.M. Souto col. (DZRJ).

Overall dark brown to black. Pronotal disc (Fig. 17F) either with paired orangish or pinkish vittae on anterior corners, or entirely orangish or pinkish, pronotal expansions sometimes with a fine testaceous outline surrounding the disc, otherwise dark brown to black. Elytron (Fig. 17A, D) dark brown to black. Legs dark brown to black, except for trochanters and femora, which are lighter ventrally. Sternum VIII (Fig. 17G) entirely dark brown, without lateral vitreous spots. Pygidium (Fig. 17H) entirely dark brown.

Figure 17. 

Costalampys klugii (Motschulsky) comb. nov. A, Male habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, ventral view; C, Female habitus, dorsal view; D, Female habitus, ventral view; E, Male antenna, lateral view; F, Male pronotum, dorsal view; G, Sternum IX, ventral view; H, Pygidium, dorsal view; I, Syntergite, dorsal view; J, Sternum IX, Ventral view; K, Aedeagus, dorsal view; L, Aedeagus, lateral view; M, Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–D); Scale bar: 1.0 mm (E–M).

Pronotum (Fig. 17F) with anterior margin slightly acuminate, sides rounded, divergent posteriorly. Sternum VI (Fig. 17B) without lanterns. Male. Total length = 10.3–10.9 mm (aver. 10.6 mm); Pronotal length = 2.0–2.2 mm (aver. 2.1 mm); Pronotal width = 3.2–3.3 mm (aver. 3.25 mm); Elytral length = 8.4–8.6 mm (aver. 8.5 mm); Elytral width = 2.0–2.1 mm (aver. 2.05 mm). Antennomere III (Fig. 17E) with lamella 1.5–2× longer than core antennomere. Sternum VIII (Fig. 17G) with posterior margin bisinuose. Pygidium (Fig. 17H) with sides rounded, posterior corners weakly developed, posterior margin truncate. Syntergite (Fig. 17I, J) with anterior margin mildly curved. Phallus (Fig. 17K–M) with dorsal plate almost straight in lateral view, with sides straight and acuminate at apical half. Paramere apex curved ventrally, ventral projection (lateral view) weakly developed, rounded. Female (Fig. 17C, D). Total length = 10.3 mm; Pronotal length = 2.2 mm; Pronotal width = 3.0 mm; Elytral length = 8 mm; Elytral width = 2.0 mm. Antennomeres III–X (Fig. 17C, D) with apical corners slightly projected and pointed.

Lychnuris klugii was described by Motschulsky (1853: 4), who wrongly attributed the species authorship to Dejean. Indeed, Dejean (1833) cited Lychnuris klugii in his second catalog, but without a description, making it therefore a nomen nudum (cf. Bousquet and Bouchard 2013). The correct authorship of the species belongs to Motschulsky (1853), who in first provided a description for Lychnacris klugii. Motschulsky (1853) lists the species for Southern Brazil, without further details.

McDermott’s catalog (1966) cites Motschulsky, 1853: 28 as a first mention of Lychnuris klugii, but this is inaccurate in two ways. On one side, the first citation of Lychnuris klugii was indeed on a “page 28”, but in 1852, not 1853. However, we interpret that in Motschulsky 1852: 28, L. klugii is a nomen nudum, as the synopsis given regards the genus Lychnuris Dejean, 1833 (valid fide Bousquet & Bouchard, 2013), not the species. The correct reference of the species description, as listed above, is Motschulsky, 1853: 4.

Gorham (1880) transferred Lychnacris to Lucidota Laporte, 1833. Since then, it was transferred to Lychnuris by Olivier (1911), and back to Lucidota by McDermott (1966). After our phylogenetic analysis (see section 3.2), we transfer Lucidota klugii (Motschulsky, 1853) to Costalampys gen. nov., therefore Costalampys klugii (Motschulsky, 1853) comb. nov.

Costalampys klugii Motschulsky, 1853 comb. nov. is very unique among other Costalampys spp. in lacking an elongate elytral pale-yellow spot. The paired pink vittae usually seen in the pronotum is often found as well in C. tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov., from which C. klugii Motschulsky, 1853 comb. nov. can be distinguished by the lack of an elongate, elytral pale-yellow stripe, and lack of lanterns on sternum VI (both traits present in C. tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov.).

Holotype: BRAZIL: 1♂, Without other data (ZIN).

BRAZIL: 2 males and 2♀, Without other data, #31532 (ZMB); Santa Catarina: 1♂, Seara [Nova Teutonia], XII.1935, B. Pohl. col (MZSP).

Overall brown. Pronotal disc (Fig. 18D) brown, with light brown vittae, expansions testaceous, mildly translucent anteriorly. Elytron (Fig. 18A) light brown, without any pale-yellow longitudinal stripe. Legs (Fig. 18B) brown, except for trochanters, which are light brown. Sternum VIII (Fig. 18F) entirely translucent. Pygidium entirely dark brown or with paired translucent, elongate spots a 1/3× as wide as pygidium.

Figure 18. 

Costalampys minima sp. nov. A, Male habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, ventral view; C, Male antenna, lateral view; D, Male pronotum, dorsal view; E, Male terminal segments, ventral view; F, Pygidium, dorsal view; G, Syntergite, dorsal view; H, Sternum IX, Ventral view; I, Aedeagus, dorsal view; J, Aedeagus, lateral view; K, Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–B); Scale bar: 1.0 mm (C; E); Scale bar: 0.5 mm (D; F–K).

Pronotum (Fig. 18D) with sides rounded, divergent posteriorly. Male. Total length = 5.4–6.3 mm (aver. 5.85 mm); Pronotal length = 1.0–1.3 mm (aver. 1.15 mm); Pronotal width = 1.7–2.0 mm (aver. 1.85 mm); Elytral length = 4.7–5.0 mm (aver. 4.85 mm); Elytral width = 1.2–1.4 mm (aver. 1.3 mm). Antennomere III with lamella about 2.x longer than core antennomere. Sternum VI and VII (Fig. 18B, E) with translucent spots about 1/2× as long and 1/6× as wide as sterna, lanterns rudimentary. Sterna VI and VII (Fig. 18B, E) with minute, central translucent round spots that look like rudimentary lanterns. Sternum VIII with posterior margin bisinuose. Pygidium with sides rounded, posterior corners weakly developed, posterior margin rounded to almost straight. Syntergite (Fig. 18G, H) boomerang-shaped (with anterior margin strongly curved). Phallus (Fig. 18I–K) with dorsal plate curved almost straight in lateral view, with sides straight and acuminate at apical half. Paramere apex curved ventrally, ventral projection (lateral view) rudimentary. Female. unknown.

Costalampys minima sp. nov. is unique among its congenerics by the color pattern (described above).

Minima is a Latin adjective that means tiny.

Holotype: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Norte: 1♂, Baia Formosa, RPPN Mata Estrela, Entrada na estrada, RN2014-04, 6°22’27,5’’S, 35°1’24,8’’W, 24–25.VI.2014, DMT col. (DZRJ). Paratype: BRAZIL: Piauí: 7♂, P. N. Sete Cidades, Piracuruca, Riacho da piedade, Pi-004 (4°6’34’’S, 41°43’39’’W), 169 m, Malaise trap, 21–24.IV.2012, Rafael et al. col. (DZRJ); 1♂, Piracuruca, P. N. de Sete Cidades, Abaixo da cachoeira do Riachão, Pi-002 (4°6’28’’S, 41°40’13’’W, 171 m), Pennsylvania trap, Takiya col. (DZRJ).

Overall dark brown to black, except abdominal terga and sterna (Fig. 19B), which are dark brown. Pronotal disc (Fig. 19F) entirely black, pronotal expansions dark brown to black, often with anterior corners slightly lighter. Elytron (Fig. 19A) dark brown to black, with a pale-yellow longitudinal stripe about 4/5× as long as elytra. Legs dark brown to black. Sternum VIII (Fig. 19G) entirely dark brown, without lateral vitreous spots. Pygidium (Fig. 19H) entirely dark brown.

Figure 19. 

Costalampys pauper (Olivier) comb. nov. A, Male habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, ventral view; C, Female habitus, dorsal view; D, Female habitus, ventral view; E, Male antenna, lateral view; F, Male pronotum, dorsal view; G, Sternum IX, ventral view; H, Pygidium, dorsal view; I, Syntergite, dorsal view; J, Sternum IX, Ventral view; K, Aedeagus, dorsal view; L, Aedeagus, lateral view; M, Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–D); Scale bar: 1.0 mm (E); Scale bar: 0.5 mm (G–K).

Pronotum (Fig. 19F) with sides rounded, divergent posteriorly. Sternum VI without lanterns. Male. Total length = 8.9–11.3 mm (aver. 10.1 mm); Pronotal length = 2.3–2.7 mm (aver. 2.5 mm); Pronotal width = 1.8–3.3 mm (aver. 2.55 mm); Elytral length = 7.3–8.8 mm (aver. 8.05 mm); Elytral width = 1.8–2.2 mm (aver. 2.0 mm). Antennomere III (Fig. 19E) with lamella 3× longer than core antennomere. Sternum VIII with posterior margin mucronate. Pygidium (Fig. 19H) with sides rounded, posterior corners barely visible, posterior margin rounded to almost straight. Syntergite (Fig. 19I,J) boomerang-shaped (with anterior margin strongly curved). Phallus (Fig. 19K–M) with dorsal plate curved dorsally in lateral view. Paramere apex almost straight, ventral projection (lateral view) moderately developed, almost right-angled. Paramere apex curved ventrally, ventral projection (lateral view) moderately developed, rounded to almost right-angled. Female (Fig. 19C, D). Total length = 11.0–11.3 mm (aver. 11.15 mm); Pronotal length = 1.7–1.8 mm (aver. 1.75 mm); Pronotal width = 2.7–2.8 mm (aver. 2.75 mm); Elytral length = 7.2–8.7 mm (aver. 7.95 mm); Elytral width = 2.0–2.5 mm (aver. 2.25 mm). Antennomeres (Fig. 19C, D) III–X with apical corners almost right-angled, not projected and pointed.

Olivier (1899) described Cladodes pauper from Brazil – the syntype we studied is from Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In addition to Teresópolis, in the Serra dos Órgãos mountain range, we found previously unreported populations at the Serra da Mantiqueira and Maciço da Pedra Branca mountain ranges, in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Our study provides detailed geographic information for the first time, and expands considerably the known range of the species. After our phylogenetic analysis (see section 3.2), we transfer Cladodes pauper to Costalampys gen. nov., therefore Costalampys pauper (Olivier, 1899). Olivier (1899) didn’t provide an etymology for pauper, but we assume it was based on the Latin word for “poor”. Because Olivier (1899) originally placed it in Cladodes Solier, 1849, Cladodes pauper would be relatively smaller than the remaining species in this genus, therefore “poor”.

Costalampys pauper (Olivier, 1899) is unique among Costalampys spp. by the pronotum entirely dark brown to black and sternum VI without lantern, in both sexes. C. pauper is also unique in being restricted to relatively cooler climates, either at sites of relatively higher elevation (>1200m) during the Austral Spring season, or at lower elevations (~600m), during Austral Winter. These observations suggest that this species might be adapted to climates substantially cooler than its congenerics, which deserves further scrutiny.

Syntype: BRAZIL: 1 male (MNHN, col. E. Olivier). Label is written “Brésil intér.”, which we interpret as “interior”, “country side” of BRAZIL.

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: 1♂, Itamonte, Travessia de Itatiaia para Maringá, 25–29.XI.2010, Carvalho col. (DZRJ); 1♂, Itamonte, gramado [on grass], 19–21.XI.2009, active search [afternoon], L. Silveira col. (DZRJ); Rio de Janeiro: 1♂, 1♀, Itatiaia, P. N. Itatiaia, P5 (22°25’01,0”S, 44°38’32,9”W, 1846 m), Malaise trap, XII.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); 1♂, P. N. Itatiaia, Travessia Rui Braga, 2200 m, 21.XI.2013, L. Silveira col. (DZRJ); 1♂, P.N. Itatiaia, P7 (22°23’38,9”S, 44°39’59,7”W, 2255 m), Malaise trap, 21.XI.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); 2♂, 3♀, P.N. Itatiaia, P5 (22°25’01,0”S, 44°38’32,9”W, 1846 m), Malaise trap, R. Monteiro col (DZRJ); 1♂, Rio de Janeiro, P.E. Pedra Branca, Taquara, Trilha da Padaria (~400m), Crepúsculo, PiT-LED, 07.VII.2018, A. L. D. Ferreira (DZRJ); 1♂, 1♀, Teresópolis, P.N. Serra dos Órgãos, Trilha do Sino, 1650–1900 m, 14–15.XI.2015, L. Silveira col. (DZRJ).

Overall dark brown. Pronotal disc (Fig. 20A, F) dark brown, lacking vittae, pronotal expansions somewhat translucent anteriorly, almost entirely pale yellow, except by posterior margin, which is outlined in brown, blending with the dark brown disc color. Elytron (Fig. 20B) brown, with a pale yellow longitudinal stripe about 1/3× as long as elytra, with a roundish spot at posterior 3/4, reaching inner suture, about a 1/3× as wide as elytra. Legs brown, except for trochanters and metacoxa, which are light brown. Sternum VIII (Fig. 20G) entirely translucent. Pygidium (Fig. 20H) entirely translucent.

Figure 20. 

Costalampys quadriguttata (Gorham) comb. nov. A, Male habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, ventral view; C, Female habitus, dorsal view; D, Female habitus, ventral view; E, Male antenna, lateral view; F, Male pronotum, dorsal view; G, Sternum IX, ventral view; H, Pygidium, dorsal view; I, Syntergite, dorsal view; J, Sternum IX, Ventral view; K, Aedeagus, dorsal view; L, Aedeagus, lateral view; M, Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–D); Scale bar: 1.0 mm (E–M).

Pronotum (Fig. 20F) with sides rounded, divergent posteriorly. Male. Total length = 11.1–11.9 mm (aver. 11.5 mm); Pronotal length = 2.5 mm; Pronotal width = 4.0–4.2 mm (aver. 4.1 mm); Elytral length = 9.0 mm; Elytral width = 2.9–3.0 mm (aver. 2.95 mm). Antennomere III (Fig. 20E) with lamella about 2× longer than core antennomere. Sternum VI (Fig. 20B) with lantern of moderate size, occupying the medial 1.4 of the sternum, almost reaching its anterior margin. Sterna VI and VII (Fig. 20B) with minute, central translucent round spots that look like rudimentary lanterns. Sternum VIII with posterior margin bisinuose. Pygidium (Fig. 20H) with sides rounded, posterior corners weakly developed, posterior margin variably rounded to almost straight. Syntergite (Fig. 20I,J) with anterior margin mildly curved. Phallus (Fig. 20K–M) with dorsal plate almost straight in lateral view, with sides straight and acuminate at apical half. Paramere apex curved ventrally, ventral projection (lateral view) weakly developed, angle rounded. Female (Fig. 20C,D). Total length = 14.5 mm; Pronotal length = 2.6 mm; Pronotal width = 4.4 mm; Elytral length = 9.6 mm; Elytral width = 3.1 mm. Antennomeres III–X with apical corners projected, pointed, sterna VI (Fig. 20D) lanterns small, occupying the central 1.4 of sternum, not reaching anterior margin, sternum VII (Fig. 20D) with a feeble lighter spot, possibly a rudimentary lantern.

Gorham (1880) Lucidota quadriguttata from Bahia, Brazil: The author didn’t give an explicit etymology for the species, but we assume it was based on the Latin word for “with four spots”, referring to its color pattern. Costalampys quadriguttata (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov. is similar to C. bisbinotata (Pic, 1943) comb. nov. and C. capixaba sp. nov. in the pronotal color pattern (overall dark brown; pronotal disc dark brown, lacking vittae, pronotal expansions somewhat translucent anteriorly, almost entirely pale yellow, except by posterior margin, which is outlined in brown, blending with the dark brown disc color), but differs from both in having the pygidium, as well as sterna VIII and IX, entirely translucent in both sexes (dark brown in both sexes of C. capixaba sp. nov., partially translucent in C. bisbinotata (Pic, 1943) comb. nov. males, entirely dark brown in females), and sternum VII with a medial translucent spot in males (absent in the other species.

Costalampys quadriguttata (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov. was previously reported for the Brazilian State of Bahia. Olivier (1886) mentioned specimens collected by E. Gounelle in “Salobro”, currently Canavieiras, BA (cf. Aguiar et al. 2014), which we found in his collection at MNHN (see below). Pierre Émile Gounelle was an engineer and entomologist who worked for the French Ministry of the Colonies, and traveled to Brazil on several occasions (Papavero 1971, Lourteig 1986). On his first trip, among other places, Gounelle visited “Salobro” between June and July, 1885 (Papavero 1971), which was a popular destination for its diamond mines at that time (e.g., Aguiar et al. 2014). Here, we expand the known range of the species to the State of Pernambuco, and also give more detailed locality data within the state of Bahia.

Syntype: BRAZIL: Bahia: 1 male (MNHN, col. Gorham).

BRAZIL: 1♀, without other data (MNHN). Pernambuco: 1♀, Caruaru, IV.1972, Alvarenga leg. (DZUP); Caruaru, 900 m, MAI.1972, Joaquim Lima leg. (DZUP); Bahia: 1♀, without other data (MNHN, col. Olivier); 1♂, Camacan, R.P.P.N. Serra Bonita, Córrego abaixo do alojamento, 15°23’16’’S, 39°33’50,5’’W, 661 m, Malaise trap, 28–29.II.2012, D. Takiya & M. L. Monné col. (DZRJ); 2♂, Camacan, R.P.P.N. Serra Bonita, Alojamento, 15°23’16’’S, 39°33’58,6’’W, 757 m, Sweep, 28–29.II.2012, D. Takiya col. (DZRJ); 2♂, “Salobro”[currently Canavieiras], 06.07.1885, E. Gounelle col. (MNHN, col. Olivier).

Overall dark brown. Pronotal disc (Fig. 21A, F) from having paired pink spots to entirely pink, pronotal expansions dark brown, often brighter at anterior corners. Elytron (Fig. 21A, C) dark brown with a pale yellow longitudinal stripe about 4/5× as long as elytron. Legs (Fig. 21B) dark brown, except for trochanters and femora, which are light brown. Sternum VIII (Fig. 21G) brown, without lateral vitreous spots. Pygidium (Fig. 21H) brown.

Figure 21. 

Costalampys tricolor (Gorham) comb. nov. A, Male habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, ventral view; C, Female habitus, dorsal view; D, Female habitus, ventral view; E, Male antenna, lateral view; F, Male pronotum, dorsal view; G, Sternum IX, ventral view; H, Pygidium, dorsal view; I, Syntergite, dorsal view; J, Sternum IX, Ventral view; K, Aedeagus, dorsal view; L, Aedeagus, lateral view; M, Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–D); Scale bar: 1.0 mm (E; G); Scale bar: 0.5 mm (F; H–M).

Pronotum with sides rounded, divergent posteriorly. Male. Total length = 9.5–10.7 mm (aver. 10.1 mm); Pronotal length = 1.9–2.1 mm (aver. 2.0 mm); Pronotal width = 3.0–3.0 mm; Elytral length = 7.3–8.1 mm (aver. 7.6 mm); Elytral width = 1.9–2.0 mm (aver. 1.95 mm). Antennomere III (Fig. 21E) with lamella about 2× longer than core antennomere. Sternum VI (Fig. 21B, G) with lantern of moderate size, as wide as 1.4 sternum, almost reaching its anterior margin. Sternum VIII (Fig. 21G) with posterior margin bisinuose. Pygidium (Fig. H) with sides rounded, posterior corners weakly developed, posterior margin rounded to almost straight. Syntergite (Fig. 21I, J) boomerang-shaped (with anterior margin strongly curved). Phallus (Fig. 21K–M) with dorsal plate bent dorsally (lateral view), with sides rounded at apical half, with an acute apical projection, medially notched. Paramere apex curved ventrally, ventral projection (lateral view) well developed, almost right-angled. Female (Fig. 21C, D). Total length = 9.4–10.8 mm (aver. 10.1 mm); Pronotal length = 1.9–2.5 mm (aver. 2.2 mm); Pronotal width = 2.9–3.6 mm (aver. 3.25 mm); Elytral length = 7.4–8.4 mm (aver. 7.9 mm); Elytral width = 1.8–2.0 mm (aver. 1.9 mm). Antennomeres III–X with apical corners almost right-angled, not projected, sterna VI with a small lantern, as wide as 1.6 sternum, not reaching anterior margin.

Gorham (1880) described Lucidota tricolor from Brazil, but provided no further provenance data, based on a male specimen provided by the French naturalist Chevrolat. Gorham (1880) didn’t give an explicit etymology for Lucidota tricolor, but we assume it was based on the Latin word for “with three colors”, referring to its color pattern. Olivier (1886) described Lucidota oculata based on a single female specimen from Matosinhos, Minas Gerais, Brazil: The said author didn’t give an explicit etymology for Lucidota oculata, but we assume oculata comes from the Latin adjective that means “with eyes”, referring to the pronotal spots.

Pic (1938) described Ethra decorata schneideri from Brazil, without further details. The holotype of Ethra decorata schneideri Pic, 1938 is presumed here based on a specimen in M. Pic’s collection (MNHN) that was labeled as “Lucidota oculata E Ol” and “var. Schneideri”. We based our inference on the combination of the following observations: (i) the aforementioned specimen in Pic’s collection was labeled as “type”; (ii) we found no description of a species or variety named L. oculata var. Schneideri Pic; and (iii) Pic described Ethra decorata var. schneideri in a paper about mimetism among some lampyrid species with similar dorsal color pattern, including both Lucidota oculata Olivier and Ethra decorata Olivier (Pic 1938), and his description given for his new variety fits the latter, but not the former. Furthermore, Pic (1938) regarded Lucidota spp. as having antennae long and compressed but with no lamellae, whereas Ethra spp. had flabellate antennae (a trait found in the presumed holotype). Together, these observations support our inference that our presumed holotype of Ethra decorata var. schneideri is the holotype, that nevertheless was mislabeled. The latter must be deemed as a subspecies according to ICZN article ICZN Art. 45.6.4, therefore Ethra decorata schneideri Pic, 1938 (according to Art. 5.2).

After the study of the type materials, we synonymize here Lucidota oculata Olivier, 1886 and Ethra decorata schneideri Pic, 1938 with Lucidota tricolor Gorham, 1880, which has priority over time. After our phylogenetic analysis, we transfer Lucidota tricolor Gorham, 1880 to Costlampys gen. nov. (see section 3.2).

Costalampys tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov. is most similar to C. bella sp. nov., as the two species share a similar dorsal color pattern (overall brown or dark brown, with pronotal disc with paired pink vittae to broadly pink, and with an elongate pale-yellow spot on elytron). It differs from C. bella sp. nov. by the rounded sides of pronotum in both sexes (almost straight in C. bella sp. nov.), the pygidium with posterior margin rounded to almost straight in males (mucronate in C. bella sp. nov.), as well as by the presence of lanterns in sternum VI in the females (absent in C. bella sp. nov.).

Costalampys tricolor (Gorham, 1880) comb. nov. was previously known from Brazil, without further details. Here, we provide more detailed information on the geographic and temporal occurrence of the species.

Holotype of Lucidota tricolor Gorham, 1880: BRAZIL: 1♂, #292 (MNHN, col. Gorham; formerly in col. Chevrolat col). With label handwritten “tricolor Chev. sec. Chev.” (in the species original description, Gorham [1880] thanks Chevrolat for the “specimen described”). Holotype of Lucidota oculata Olivier, 1886: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: 1♀, Matosinhos, 03.04.1885, Gounelle col. (MNHN, col. E. Olivier). Holotype of Ethra decorata schneideri Pic, 1938: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1♂, Teresópolis, F. Schneider col. (MNHN, col. M. Pic) (see remarks above).

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: 1♀, Bocaina de Minas, Ribeirão Santa Casa, prox. Cachoeira da Raposa, 22°18’24.7”S, 44°33’54”W, 1294 m, M&M col. (DZRJ); 1♀, Itajubá, R.B.M. Serra dos Toledos, coleta diurna, 08.XI.2015, Rosa & Ladenthin col. (DZRJ); 1♂, 16.II.–17.III.2017, Rosa & Lopes col. (DZRJ); 1♀, São Roque de Minas, P.N. Serra da Canastra, Malaise trap, Mata ciliar, Ponto 1, 3♂, 14–19.XII.2013, Melo & Rosa col. (DZRJ). Rio de Janeiro: 1♂, Angra dos Reis, PE Ilha Grande, Malaise trap, P450A (23°08’47.2”S, 44°11’09.4”W), 441 m, IX.2017, L. Campello, L. Silveira & R. Queiroz col. (DZRJ); 1♀, Itatiaia, P.N. Itatiaia, PENSARIOP2 (22°25’59,6”S, 44°37’39,7”W, 1280 m), Malaise trap, I.2015, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); 1♂, 1♀, Teresópolis, P.N. Serra dos Órgãos, 03–05.XI.2014, 1200 m, active search [afternoon], L. Silveira col. (DZRJ). Paraná: 1♂, Curitiba, 28–XII.1976, V. Graf col. (DZUP); 1♂, Curitiba, 12.69, Mielke col. (DZUP); 1♀, Tijucas do Sul, Vossoroca, 25.I, Pe. Moure & Marinoni col. (DZUP); 1♀, Ponta Grossa, Jardim Carvalho, 25°4’39.15”S, 50°9’24”W, 05.I.2014, Nascimento, E.A. col. (UECO); 1♂, Ponta Grossa, Parque Nacional dos Campos Gerais, Morro do Castelo, 25°6’13.90”S, 49°56’36.38”W, 15.I.2014, Nascimento, E.A. & eq. col. (UECO); 1♂, 1♀, Ponta Grossa, em copula [in copula], 12.55, M. Vilella col. (DZUP); Rio Grande do Sul: 1♂, 1♀, Caxias do Sul, Vila Oliva, in copula, 19.2.49 (MAPA); 1♂, Esmeralda, 12.XII.1978, C. J. Becker leg. (MCZ).

Figure 22. 

Distribution map of Costalampys gen. nov. species.