Gypona adspersa Stål, 1854: 252.

Medium size leafhoppers (10.0–14.5 mm). Crown, pronotum and mesonotum (Figs 8A, 10A) with black punctures. Head, in dorsal view (Figs 8A, 10A), moderately produced anterad, slightly longer than half interocular width; transocular width less than 8 tenths of humeral width of pronotum; anterior margin subacute; crown surface slightly convex, with transverse striae between ocelli; ocellus closer to inner margin of eye than to midline. Head, in lateral view (Figs 8C, 10C), crown-face transition thin, texture smooth medially and with striae near eye margin. Face (Figs 8B, 10B) with frons usually black on middle portion, without black punctures and with transverse black or brown bands over muscular impressions. Forewing (Figs 8D, 10D) densely covered by anastomosed black maculae; central anteapical cell with cross vein near half length; appendix reduced. Pygofer, in dorsal view (Figs 8g, 10g), apical portion of dorsal margin with processes directed inward. Subgenital plate (Fig. 8H, 10H) with or without long filiform setae. Connective (Fig. 8I) T or Y-shaped, with stem present, but short. Aedeagus (Figs 8L, 10L) with or without apodemal processes. Ovipositor (Figs 9C, 9E) slender. First and second valvulae (Figs 9C, E, 12C, E) not or only slightly broadened on median third. Second valvula (Figs 9E, 12E) dorsal protuberance when present, reduced and subacute, located before half length of blade; dorsal margin with very small teeth, with approximately regular sizes, present on apical half; ventral margin with denticles on apical portion.

Figure 8. 

Acuera adspersa, male. A head and thorax, dorsal view. B head, ventral view. C head and thorax, lateral view. D forewing. E sternite VIII, ventral view. F valve, ventral view. G pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; g apical portion of pygofer, dorsal view. H subgenital plate, ventral view. I connective, dorsal view. J style, dorsal view. K style, lateral view. L aedeagus, lateral view. M aedeagus, posterior view. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 9. 

Acuera adspersa, female. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view. B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view. C first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view. D apical portion of first valvula. E second valvula, lateral view. F apical portion of second valvula. G second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view. H apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 10. 

Acuera extenuata sp. nov., holotype male. A head and thorax, dorsal view. B head, ventral view. C head and thorax, lateral view. D forewing. E sternite VIII, ventral view. F valve, ventral view. G pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; g apical portion of pygofer, dorsal view. H subgenital plate, ventral view. I connective, dorsal view. J style, dorsal view. K style, lateral view. L aedeagus, lateral view. M aedeagus, posterior view. Scale bars in mm.

Head and thorax (Figs 15, 16) background yellowish-brown. Crown, pronotum and mesonotum (Figs 8A, 10A) with many black punctures. Face (Figs 8B, 10B) with frons usually black on middle portion and without black punctures, with transverse black or brown bands over muscular impressions; lorum with black punctures; gena frequently with pair of black maculae, one near mid-length of ventral margin and one near ventral corner of eye. Proepimeron (Figs 8C, 10C) with black band below pronotal carina and/or black punctures. Forewing (Figs 8D, 10D) densely covered by anastomosed black maculae. Profemur, with black punctures and pair of black maculae, one at base and one on apical third. Metatibia (Fig. 15B, H) with cucullate bases of setae blacks.

Head, in dorsal view (Fig. 8A), moderately produced anterad, median length slightly longer than half interocular width; transocular width 7.2–7.8 tenths of pronotum humeral width; anterior margin subacute; crown surface with oblique striae between ocelli; ocellus equidistant between anterior and posterior margins of crown and closer to inner margin of eye than to midline. Head, in frontal view (Fig. 8B), face wider than high; frons 1.5× longer than wide, texture shagreen, surface just below crown-face transition not excavated; frontogenal suture distant from eye margin by half maximum width of clypeus and extending to anterior margin of crown; supra-antennal lobe carinated and oblique, advancing over frons by short distance; gena with ventrolateral margin slightly rounded; maxillary plate produced ventrally as far as clypeus apex; clypeus longer than wide; lateral margins straight, parallel or slightly divergent toward apex; apex weakly emarginated. Head, in lateral view (Fig. 8C), crown-face transition thin, not foliaceous, texture smooth medially and with striae near eye margin; anterior margin of crown slightly projected over anterior margin of eye; frons and clypeus not inflated. Pronotum, in dorsal view (Fig. 8A), with transverse striae on disc and posterior third; lateral margins as long or slightly longer than eye length; posterior margin weakly excavated; in lateral view (Fig. 8C), moderately declivous, continuous with head declivity. Mesonotum (Fig. 8A) slightly wider than long; scutellum (Fig. 8C) not swollen. Forewing (Fig. 8D) M vein with segment after the divergence between R+M and before the cross vein m-cu₁ more than 3× longer than the length of m-cu₁; central anteapical cell with cross vein near half length; appendix reduced, bordering first to second apical cells; apex rounded. Profemur moderately elongated, 3.5× longer than wide; AD, AM, and PD rows reduced and poorly defined, with exception of apical setae AD₁, AM₁, and PD₁, respectively; IC row formed by slightly arched comb of fine setae, beginning at distal half of femur and extending to AM₁; AV and PV rows with 3–5 setae. Protibia, in cross-section semi-circular, dorsal surface with longitudinal carina adjacent to PD row; AV row formed by long setae, slightly longer and thicker towards apex; dorsal rows with apical AD₁ and PD₁ setae developed; AD row without differentiated setae; PD row with 3 setae; PV row with 5–7 setae. Mesotibia with dorsal surface carinate. Metafemur with setal formula 2:2:1. Metatibia with AD row without intercalary setae between macrosetae, or if present, only 1–2 intercalary setae between each macrosetae; PV row with setae of apical half formed by sequence of a longer and thicker seta, interspersed with 2–4 thinner and shorter setae, ending with a long and thick seta. Metatarsomere I ventral surface with two rows of non-cucullate setae; outer row with setae reduced in size; inner row with 8–12 setae; pecten with 4–6 platellae, flanked by one inner and one outer tapered seta. Metatarsomere II pecten with 2–4 platellae, flanked by two inner and one outer tapered seta.

Pygofer, in lateral view (Figs 8G, 10G), without basodorsal processes; in dorsal view (Figs 8g, 19g), apical portion of dorsal margin with processes directed inward. Valve (Figs 8F, 10F) without pair of oblique submedian integument thickening. Anal tube membranous, without processes. Subgenital plate (Figs 8H, 10H) with or without long filiform setae. Connective (Fig. 8I) T or Y-shaped, with stem present, but short. Aedeagus (Fig. 8L) with or without apodemal processes; shaft with or without apical or subapical processes.

Pygofer (Figs 9A, B, 12A, B) with macrosetae distributed on posteroventral quadrant and dorsoapical third. Ovipositor slender. First valvula (Figs 9C, 12C) not or only slightly broadened on median third; dorsal sculptured area strigate, beginning on half length of blade; ventral interlocking device distinct on basoventral third; apex (Figs 9D, 12D) gradually tapered and acute. Second valvula (Figs 9E, 12E) not or weakly broadened on basal third; dorsal protuberance when present, reduced and subacute, located before half length of blade; dorsal margin with very small teeth, approximately regular sizes, present on apical third; ventral margin with denticles on apical portion; apex (Figs 9F, 12F) tapered and subacute. Second valvifer (Figs 9G, 12G) 3× longer than wide. Gonoplac (Figs 9G, 12G) posterodorsal margin straight, about 4 tenths of blade length; external surface with dentiform cuticular projections; ventral margin broadly rounded with few short setae; apex (Figs 9H, 12H) slightly tapered and rounded.

Figure 11. 

Acuera umbra sp. nov., holotype male. A head and thorax, dorsal view. B head, ventral view. C head and thorax, lateral view. D forewing. E sternite VIII, ventral view. F valve, ventral view. G pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; g apical portion of pygofer, dorsal view. H subgenital plate, ventral view. I connective, dorsal view. J style, dorsal view. K style, lateral view. L aedeagus, lateral view. M aedeagus, posterior view. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 12. 

Acuera umbra sp. nov., paratype female. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view. B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view. C first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view. D apical portion of first valvula. E second valvula, lateral view. F apical portion of second valvula. G second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view. H apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 13. 

Intraspecific variations of aedeagus and apex of style of A. (Acuera) menaca. A–I redrawn from DeLong and Freytag, 1974. A–C A. (Acuera) culmena syn. nov., holotype from Yarinacocha, Peru, USNM. D–F A. (Acuera) menaca syn. nov., holotype from Tingo Maria, Peru, AMNH. G–I A. (Acuera) prodiga, holotype from Iquitos, Peru, OSU. J–L specimen from Novo Mundo, Mato Grosso, Brazil, DZUP. M–O specimen from Rio Madeira, Rondônia, Brazil, MZSP. P–R specimen from Flona Jamari, Rondônia, Brazil, DZUP. S–U specimen from Cusco, Peru, DZRJ.

Figure 14. 

Intraspecific variations of aedeagus and apex of style of A. (Acuera) laudara. A–C holotype form Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, redrawn from DeLong and Freytag, 1974, OSU. D–F specimen from Carolina, Maranhão, Brazil, CZMA. G–I specimen from Guaribas, Piauí, Brazil, CZMA. J–L specimen from Novo Mundo, Goiás, Brazil, DZUP. M–O specimen from Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, DZUP. P–R specimen from Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil, DZUP.

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Panamá and Peru.

With the proposed taxonomic changes, and the description of two new species, Acuera now comprise 10 species with distribution mainly on South America. Acuera luhea is the only species known from the Central America, collected on trees of Luehea seemannii Planch. & Triana (Malvaceae), representing the only know record of host plant for Acuera (DeLong and Wolda, 1982).

Coloration (Fig. 15A, B) predominant brown. Frons (Fig. 8B) black except near lateral margins yellowish-brown. Pygofer, in dorsal view (Fig. 8g), apex with two short processes separated by shallow excavation. Subgenital plate (Fig. 8H) narrow, without filiform setae. Aedeagus (Fig. 8L, M) apodemal process almost as long as shaft length, wide at base and tapered toward acute apex; shaft in lateral view, curved posterad, ventral margin strongly excavated; subapical processes long, about half length of shaft, directed ventrally.

Total length: males 10.6–11.6 mm, females 12.4–12.5 mm.

Metatibia AD row with 1–2 intercalary setae between each macrosetae; PD, AD and AV rows with 24–26, 12–13 and 17–18 macrosetae respectively. Metatarsomere I 3.5× longer than apical width; pecten with 5 platellae. Metatarsomere II pecten with 2–3 platellae. Other characteristics as in generic description.

Head and thorax (Fig. 8A–C) yellowish-brown. Crown, pronotum and mesonotum (Fig. 8A) with many black punctures. Crown with pair of rounded black spots near posterior margin behind ocelli. Face (Fig. 8B) with frons black on middle portion, faint transverse brown bands over muscular impressions; lorum with black punctures; gena with pair of black maculae, one near mid-length of ventral margin and one near ventral corner of eye; portion around antennal bases black; clypeus black. Proepimeron (Fig. 8C) with black band below pronotal carina and small black macula on anteroventral margin. Forewing (Fig. 8D) densely covered by anastomosed black maculae. Profemur, with black punctures and pair of black maculae, one at base and one on apical third. Metatibia (Fig. 8C) with cucullate bases of setae blacks.

Sternite VIII (Fig. 8E) 1.7× wider than long; lateral margins parallel; posterior margin rounded. Valve (Fig. 8F) 2.5× wider than long; posterior margin straight. Pygofer, in lateral view (Fig. 8G), 1.9× longer than maximum height; anteroventral margin rounded; posterodorsal and posteroventral margins straight, slightly convergent apically; apex truncate; in dorsal view (Fig. 8g), apex with two short processes separated by a shallow excavation. Subgenital plate, in lateral view (Fig. 8G), not surpassing pygofer apex; in ventral view (Fig. 8H), elongated and narrow, 7.5× longer than wide; outer margin with few sort setae; lateral margins approximately parallel; apex rounded. Connective (Fig. 8I) about as long as wide; anterior margin excavated; dorsal keel moderately developed; stem short, as long as wide. Style, in dorsal view (Fig. 8J), with outer lobe developed and rounded; in lateral view (Fig. 8K), blade long and straight, width approximately constant from base to almost apex; ventral margin with subapical serration on apical third; apex tapered and acute, slightly curved dorsally. Aedeagus (Fig. 8L, M) preatrium reduced; dorsal apodeme not developed, dorsal margin rounded, lateral margins not produced laterally; apodemal process almost as long as shaft length, wide at base and tapered toward acute apex; shaft approximately cylindrical, in lateral view, curved posterad, ventral margin strongly excavated; subapical processes long, about half length of shaft, directed ventrally; apex slightly expanded and strongly flattened laterally. Other characteristics as in generic description.

Sternite VII (Fig. 9A, B) with posterolateral angles weakly produced posterad; posterior margin with median third excavated, bearing a V-shaped notch at middle. Pygofer (Fig. 9A, B) long, 2.3× longer than the sternite VII length; ventral margin weakly rounded; apex obliquely truncated. First valvifer (Fig. 9C) 2× longer than wide; lateral margins rounded. First valvula (Fig. 9C, D) narrow, 10× longer than wide, not broadened on median third. Second valvula (Fig. 9E, F) 11× longer than wide; dorsal protuberance absent; dorsal margin with teeth present from apical third to apex.

Brazil: Mato Grosso: 1♂, “Brasil, MT, Cotriguaçu, Faz.[Fazenda]\ São Nicolau, 09.8559°S, 58.2486°W, 230m, light trap,\ 26–29.vi.2017, RR Cavichioli\ & AC Domahovski” (DZUP); 1♂, “Brasil, MT, Novo Mundo, Pq.\ Est. do Cristalino, 09.4517°S 55.8396°W, 240m, malaise,\ 21–25.vi.2017, Cavichioli,\ Melo, Domahovski & Muniz” (DZUP). — Pará: 1♂, “Alter do Chão\ Pará – Brasil\ 19.IX.1989\ Exp.[Expedição] Perm.[Permanente] Amaz.[Amazônia]” (MZSP); 1♂, “Brasil: Pará\ Gorotire 51W 8S\ D A Posey col\ 18.VIII.1978”, “MPEG 05028158” (MPEG). — Rondônia: 1♂, “Brasil, Rondônia, Flona\ Jamari, 03/05.IX.2012\ (malaise) 9°15′35″S 62°54′47″W 110m\ R.R. Cavichioli leg.” (DZUP); 1♀, “Brasil, Rondônia, Porto\ Velho, Rio Madeira\ 09°35′29″S 65°02′57″W\ Malaise 18–29.VI.2011\ Albuquerque & Ferreira” (DZUP); 1♂, 1♀, “Brasil, Rondônia, Porto\ Velho, Rio Madeira\ 09°35′29″S 65°02′57″W\ Malaise 04–18.IX.2012\ MA Ullysséa & LP Prado” (MZSP); 1♂, “Brasil, Rondônia, Porto\ Velho, Rio Madeira\ 09°38′05″S 65°27′11″W\ Malaise 28.III–8.IV.2011\ Silva & Albuquerque” (MZSP); 1♂, “Brasil, Rondônia, Porto\ Velho, Rio Madeira\ 09°38′06″S 65°27′11″W\ Malaise 05–17.I.2011\ RRSilva & RSProbst leg” (MZSP); 1♂, “Brasil, Rondônia, Porto\ Velho, Rio Madeira\ 09°26′14″S 64°49′58″W\ Malaise 04–18.IX.2012\ MA Ullysséa & LP Prado” (MZSP); 2♂, “Brasil, RO, Itapuâ do\ Oeste, Flona Jamari\ 09°11′42″S 63°03′35″W\ 09.X.2014 Luz J.A.\ Rafael, F.F. Xavier, R.\ M. Vieira & R. H. Aquino” (DZRJ); 1♂, “Brasil Rondônia\ Ouro Preto do Oeste\ 1a3.IX.1986”, “Brasil Rondônia\ F.F. Ramos”, “Armadilha Malaise”, “MPEG 05028051” (MPEG). — Peru: 1♂, “Peru\ Madre de Dios\ sw Pto [Puerto] Maldonato\ 290m\ BM 1989–70” (DZUP).

Acuera adspersa was recovered as sister group of A. laudara + (A. umbra sp. nov. + (A. incepta + A. levara)) with low support (SR < 50), supported by one synapomorphy, 100:1, pygofer with pair of small, rounded processes at apex, and one homoplasy, 113:0, subgenital plate, ventral surface with microsetae absent (Fig. 7). DeLong and Freytag (1972, 1974) recorded A. adspersa for Argentina. Based on the large amount of material studied here, this record appears to be incorrect as this species was only collected in the Amazon biome. The species found in Argentina and southern Brazil are A. incepta and A. levara which externally are similar to A. adspersa and can easily be miss-identified as the former.

Coloration (Fig. 15E, F) predominant yellowish-brown. Frons (Fig. 10B) black except near lateral margins yellowish-brown. Pygofer, in dorsal view (Fig. 10g), apex with a conic-shape process directed inward. Subgenital plate (Fig. 10H) with long filiform setae. Aedeagus (Fig. 10L) with apodemal processes short, weakly sclerotized, not surpassing shaft in lateral view; apex with pair of short hook-shaped processes, curved ventrally.

Figure 15. 

Species of Acuera, dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views. A, B A. (Acuera) adspersa, male, DZUP. C, D A. (Acuera) culmena syn. nov., holotype male, USNM. E, F A. (Acuera) extenuata sp. nov., holotype male, DZUP. G, H A. (Acuera) incepta, male, DZUP. I, J A. (Acuera) laudara, holotype male, OSU. K, L A. (Acuera) levara, male, DZUP. M A. (Acuera) menaca, holotype male, AMNH.

Total length: holotype male 11.2 mm; paratype, male (n = 1) 11.1 mm.

Metatibia AD row with 1–2 intercalary setae between each macrosetae; PD, AD and AV rows with 24–25, 12 and 16–19 macrosetae respectively. Metatarsomere I 3.5× longer than apical width; pecten with 4–5 platellae. Metatarsomere II pecten with 2–3 platellae. Other characteristics as in generic description.

Head and thorax (Fig. 10A–C) yellowish-brown. Crown, pronotum and mesonotum (Fig. 10A) with many black punctures. Face (Fig. 10B) with frons black on middle portion, faint transverse brown bands over muscular impressions; lorum with black punctures; gena with pair of black maculae, one near mid-length of ventral margin and one near ventral corner of eye; portion around antennal bases black; clypeus black. Proepimeron (Fig. 10C) with black band below pronotal carina and black punctures. Forewing (Fig. 10D) densely covered by anastomosed black maculae. Profemur, with black punctures and pair of black maculae, one at base and one on apical third. Metatibia (Fig. 10C) with cucullate bases of setae blacks.

Sternite VIII (Fig. 10E) 1.5× wider than long; lateral margins parallel; posterior margin rounded. Valve (Fig. 10F) 2.2× wider than long; posterior margin produced medially and emarginated. Pygofer, in lateral view (Fig. 10G), 2.2× longer than maximum height; anteroventral margin straight; posterodorsal margin straight and oblique; posteroventral margin rounded; apex rounded; in dorsal view (Fig. 10g), apex with a conic-shape process directed inward. Subgenital plate, in lateral view (Fig. 10G), long, slightly surpassing pygofer apex; in ventral view (Fig. 10H), elongated, 4.1× longer than wide; dorsal surface with filiform setae near outer margin; lateral margins approximately parallel; apex rounded. Connective (Fig. 10I) about as long as wide; anterior margin excavated; dorsal keel moderately developed; stem short, as long as wide. Style, in dorsal view (Fig. 10J), with outer lobe developed and rounded; in lateral view (Fig. 10K), blade long, slender at base and slightly broadened toward the subapical portion; ventral margin serrated on apical third; apical half strongly sigmoid; apex acute, slightly curved dorsally. Aedeagus (Fig. 10L, M) preatrium reduced; dorsal apodeme not developed, dorsal margin straight, lateral margins not produced laterally; apodemal process digitiform and weakly sclerotized, short, about 1/3 length of shaft; shaft approximately triangular in cross section, long and weakly curved dorsally, posterior surface excavated; apex with pair of short hook-shaped processes, curved ventrally. Other characteristics as in generic description.

Unknown.

Holotype male: Brazil: Mato Grosso: “Brasil, MT, Novo Mundo, Pq. [Parque]\ Est. [Estadual] do Cristalino, 09.4517°S 55.8396°W, 240m, malaise,\ 21–25.vi.2017, Cavichioli,\ Melo, Domahovski & Muniz” (DZUP). Paratype: 1♂, same data as holotype except “luminárias – alojamento AC Domahovski” (DZUP).

The new species name refers to the apodemal processes of aedeagus weakly sclerotized, translucent apically.

Acuera extenuata sp. nov. was recovered as sister group of A. menaca + A. nigrifrons with moderate branch support (SR = 72) (Fig. 7) and supported by a single synapomorphy, 102:1, pygofer having a apical triangular-shape process directed inward. The style of the new species (Fig. 10K) is more similar to species of the subgenus Tortusana, however the aedeagus have apodemal processes reduced and weakly sclerotized that apparently is an intermediate form between the absence of this structure in the subgenus Tortusana and the presence of processes longer and more sclerotized in the subgenus Acuera. The new species can be easily recognized by the pygofer (Fig. 10g) with a conic-shape process directed inward; the subgenital plate (Fig. 10H) with long filiform setae; the shape of the style (Fig. 10K) with apex sigmoid; and the aedeagus (Fig. 10L) with apodemal processes short and weakly sclerotized. Acuera extenuata sp. nov. is placed in the subgenus Acuera.

Coloration (Fig. 16E–H) predominant black. Face (Fig. 11B), almost completely black or with frons black medially. Pygofer, in dorsal view (Fig. 11g), apex with a short biconvex process directed inward. Subgenital plate (Fig. 11H) without filiform setae. Aedeagus (Fig. 11L, M) apodemal processes as long as shaft length, strongly curved dorsally; shaft in lateral view, strongly curved dorsally at mid-length; apex not expanded, subapical processes short, directed dorsally.

Figure 16. 

Species of Acuera, dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views. A, B A. (Acuera) nigrifrons, male, DZUP. C, D A. (Acuera) prodiga syn. nov., holotype male, OSU. E–H A. (Acuera) umbra sp. nov., E, F holotype male, DZUP. G, H paratype male from State of Rio de Janeiro, DZRJ. I, J A. (Tortusana) angera, holotype male, USNM. K, L A. (Tortusana) luhea, holotype male, OSU.

Total length: holotype male 11.3 mm; paratypes, males (n = 32) 10.0–11.3 mm, females (n = 3) 11.9–12.5 mm.

Metatibia without intercalary setae between macrosetae; PD, AD and AV rows with 22–25, 12 and 15–17 macrosetae respectively. Metatarsomere I elongated 3.5× longer than apical width; pecten with 4–5 platellae. Metatarsomere II pecten with 3 platellae. Other characteristics as in generic description.

Head and thorax (Fig. 11A–C) black. Crown and pronotum with few yellowish areas. Pronotum (Fig. 11A) with small yellow macula on humeral angle. Mesonotum (Fig. 11A) with pair of yellow macula near anterior margin. Face (Fig. 11B) black. Gena with portion between eye and frons yellow. Proepimeron (Fig. 11C) black. Forewing (Fig. 11D) almost completely black, except by some large and sparse yellow maculae. Legs black. Specimens from Rio de Janeiro (Fig. 16G, H) less melanic, with crown, pronotum and mesonotum with black punctures occupying almost all surface. Face yellowish-brown; frons black on middle portion, transverse brown bands over muscular impressions; lorum with black; gena with pair of black maculae, one near mid-length of ventral margin and one near ventral corner of eye; portion around antennal bases black; clypeus black. Proepimeron with black band below pronotal carina and few black punctures. Forewing almost completely black, with small scattered yellow maculae mostly near costal margin. Profemur, with black punctures and pair of black macula, one at base and one on apical third. Metatibia with cucullate bases of setae blacks. Specimens from Paraná are similar to those of Rio de Janeiro but with head and pronotum more yellowish and having a longitudinal black stripe over the coronal suture of crown.

Sternite VIII (Fig. 11E) 1.2× wider than long; lateral margins convergent posterad; posterior margin emarginated. Valve (Fig. 11F) 2.5× wider than long; posterior margin excavated medially. Pygofer, in lateral view (Fig. 11G), short, 1.5× longer than maximum height; anteroventral margin straight; posterodorsal margin weakly rounded; posteroventral margin slightly excavated; apex tapered and rounded; in dorsal view (Fig. 11g), apex with short biconvex process directed inward. Subgenital plate, in lateral view (Fig. 11G), long, slightly surpassing pygofer apex; in ventral view (Fig. 11H), elongated, 4.5× longer than wide; outer margin with minute setae; lateral margins approximately parallel; apex rounded. Connective (Fig. 11I) about as long as wide; anterior margin excavated; dorsal keel reduced; stem short, wider than long. Style, in dorsal view (Fig. 11J), with outer lobe small and rounded; in lateral view (Fig. 11K), blade long and straight, slightly broadened subapically; ventral margin serrated subapically; apex tapered and subacute, slightly curved dorsally. Aedeagus (Fig. 11L, M) preatrium reduced; dorsal apodeme not developed, dorsal margin rounded, lateral margins not produced laterally; apodemal process as long as shaft, wider on median portion and strongly curved dorsally, apex narrow and spatulate; shaft flattened laterally, slender and long, strongly curved dorsally on mid-portion; apex not expanded, with pair of short filiform processes directed dorsally.

Sternite VII (Fig. 12A, B) with posterolateral angles rounded; posterior margin roundly excavated each side of short median lobe which is V-shaped excavated medially. Pygofer (Fig. 12A, B) long, 2.3× longer than the sternite VII length; ventral margin weakly rounded; apex rounded. First valvifer (Fig. 12C) 1,5× longer than wide, subtriangular; anterior margin rounded; posterior and dorsal margins straight. First valvula (Fig. 12C, D) moderately narrow, 6× longer than wide, slightly broadened on median third. Second valvula (Fig. 12E, F) 6× longer than wide; dorsal protuberance reduced and subacute, located before half length of blade; dorsal margin with teeth subapically on apical third.

Holotype male: Brazil: Minas Gerais: “S. [São] Gonçalo Rio Abaixo,\ MG, Brasil, (Est. [Estação] Amb/\ Peti-Cemig) 12.IX.2003\ A. F. Kumagai. Col.” (DZUP). Paratypes: 1♂, same data of holotype except 13.IX.2002 (DZUP); 1♂, same data of holotype except 29.XI.2002 (DZUP); 1♂, same data of holotype except 26.XII.2002 (MZSP); 1♂, same data of holotype except 20.XII.2002 (DZRJ); 1♂, same data of holotype except 01.I.2003 (DZUP); 1♂, same data of holotype except, 24.I.2003 (DZUP); 1♂, same data of holotype except 14.III.2003 (DZUP); 1♂, same data of holotype except 27.VI.2003 (DZRJ); 1♂, same data of holotype except 12.XII.2003 (DZUP); 1♂, same data of holotype except 26.XII.2003 (DZUP); 1♂, same data of holotype except 02.I.2004 (MNRJ); 1♂, same data of holotype except 12.III.2004 (DZUP). — Rio de Janeiro: 3♂, 2♀, “Brasil, RJ, Cassimiro de\ Abreu, Rebio [Reserva Biológica] União\ Trilha interpretativa\ Malaise 07.XI–\ 13.XII.2013” (1♂, 1♀, DZUP; 2♂, 1♀, DZRJ); 1♂, same data of preceding except 12.XII.2013–27.I.2014 (DZRJ). — Paraná: 1♀, “Antonina – PR [Paraná] \ Reserva Sapitanduva \ Brasil 02.XII.1986\ Lev. Ent. [Levantamento Entomológico] Profaupar \ Lâmpada” (DZUP); 3♂, “Brasil, PR [Paraná] Antonina, \ R.P.P.N. Guaricica, \ 25.316°S 48.696°W, 01–\ 04.II.2022, Malaise susp. [Suspensa] \ Trilha dos Pinheiros,\ Entomologia-UFPR” (DZUP); 9♂, “Brasil, PR [Paraná] Antonina, R.P.P.N.\ Guaricica, 25.316°S 48.696°W,\ 04.II–17.II.2022, Malaise susp. [Suspensa] \ Trilha dos Pinheiros, G. Melo, R.\ R. Cavichioli & A.C. Domahovski” (DZUP); 4♂, same data of preceding except 17.II–04.III.2022 (2♂, DZRJ, 1♂ MNRJ, 1♂ MZSP).

The new species name refers to the singular black coloration of this species.

Acuera umbra sp. nov. was recovered as sister group of A. incepta + A. levara, with low branch support (Fig. 7). The new species is similar to A. incepta and A. levara by the subgenital plate (Fig. 11H) without filiform setae and the similar shape of the apical process of pygofer, style and aedeagus (Fig. 11g, K, L). However, can be easily separated from A. incepta and A. levara by the aedeagus with apodemal process and shaft, in lateral view (Fig. 11L), strongly curved dorsally at mid-length, and the apex of shaft not expanded. The aedeagus in A. incepta is nearly straight and in A. levara is distinctly expanded apically. Acuera umbra sp. nov. is placed in the subgenus Acuera. This species shows substantial color variation between populations of different Brazilian states, but the male genitalia are uniform across populations.

DeLong and Freytag (1974) described A. culmena based on a single male specimen from Yarinacocha, Peru (Figs 13A–C, 15C, D), A. menaca based on five specimens from Peru (Figs 13D–F, 15M), being the holotype from Tingo Maria and A. prodiga based on a single male specimen from Iquitos, Peru (Figs 13G–I, 16C, D). These species are very similar in the external morphology and coloration and, according to the DeLong and Freytag, can be differentiated by the shape and number of the apical processes of aedeagus. Acuera culmena (Fig. 13A, B) have three pairs of processes, being the apical more robust and branched on apical third, forming two rami equal in length. The two subapical pairs are very slender, being the more basal very short. Acuera menaca (Fig. 13D, E) also have three pairs of processes but is distinct from A. culmena in having the apical pair longer with a short spine-like process on mid-length, and the two subapical pairs longer than in A. culmena. The third species, A. prodiga (Fig. 13G, H), have two pairs of processes, being the apical more robust than the subapical pair. The apical pair is branched on basal third, forming two rami, the ventral approximately two times longer than the dorsal and bearing a minute spur on the apical third and the subapical pair longer than in A. culmena.

We studied eight male specimens from Brazil, states of Rondônia and Mato Grosso, and one male from Cusco, Peru, and we found four similar features variations of the genitalia. The apical processes of aedeagus can be branched (Fig. 13K) or not (Fig. 13N, Q, T) and with variable lengths and curvatures. The aedeagal shaft, in lateral view, can be approximately straight (Fig. 13A, J, M, S), slightly curved (Fig. 13D, G, P), strongly expanded apically (Fig. 13M, S), moderately expanded (Fig. 13A, D, J, P) or not expanded (Fig. 13G). The more basal subapical pair of processes (second subapical pair) can be very long (Fig. 13 N, Q) with approximately half length of shaft, moderately long (Fig. 13E, K), short (Fig. 13B), vestigial (Fig. 13S) or absent (Fig. 13G). The apodemal process of aedeagus vary in length, being short (Fig. 13G, M, S) or long (Fig. 13A, J). The apex of the style also is variable between the specimens and can be abruptly truncated (Fig. 13C, R), obliquely truncated (Fig. 13F, I) or intermediate between abruptly and obliquely truncated (Fig. 13L, O, U). As all studied specimens are similar to A. culmena, A. menaca and A. prodiga in the external morphology, size, coloration, shape of pygofer, subgenital plates and connective, we consider these differences as intraspecific variations, and we propose that A. culmena and A. prodiga are synonyms of A. menaca. Intraspecific variations in the shape of style and processes of aedeagus are not common in Gyponini but were previously reported in the genus Gyponana Ball, 1920 (Hamilton 1982).

DeLong and Freytag (1974) described A. laudara based on a single male specimen from São Paulo State, Brazil (Figs 14A–C, 15I, J). We studied 24 males and nine females from several Brazilian states: Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Maranhão and Piauí and the Distrito Federal. We found differences in the shape of the style apex and processes of aedeagus between specimens of each Brazilian state and also between specimens collected at the same locality. Some examples of the 12 males dissected from all localities are represented in Fig. 14D–R. The slender anterodorsal process can be branched near half length (Fig. 14D, G, J) or near base (Fig. 14M, P), shorter (Fig. 14D) or longer (Fig. 14G), slightly expanded apically (Fig. 14H, Q) or tapered (Fig. 14K, E). The large dorsal process is branched apically, forming two lateral projections that can be foliaceous and broad at base (Fig. 14B, E), moderately narrow (Fig. 14H, K) or distinctly narrow at base (Fig. 14N, Q), and having a variable number of spiniform processes on the ventral margin and apex, from only one (Fig. 14N) to eight (Fig. 14K). Also the aedeagal shaft can be shorter (Fig. 14A, D, G, J) or longer (Fig. 14M, P) and slightly expanded apically (Fig. 14P) or tapered (Fig. 14D). However, the studied specimens are not different in the external morphology, size, coloration, shape of pygofer, subgenital plates and connective, and we will consider these differences as intraspecific variations.

Acuera incepta DeLong & Freytag, 1974. Brazil: Bahia: [new record] 5♂, 10♀, “Encruzilhada – Bahia\ Brasil 980m XI/74\ M. Alvarenga leg.” (DZUP); Ceará: [new record] 1♂, “Brasil (CE), Ubajara\ Parque Nac. [Nacional] de Ubajara\ Cachoeira do Cafundó\ 03°50′13″S 40°54′35″W", “Armadilha Luminosa\ 08–11.xi.2012, F. \ Limeira-de-Oliveira, J.\ S. Pinto Júnior, cols” (CZMA). — Minas Gerais: [new record] 45♂, 5♀, ″S. Gonçalo Rio Abaixo,\ MG, Brasil, (Est. Amb/\ Peti-Cemig) [dates between VI.2002 and I.2003\ A. F. Kumagai. Col.” (DZUP); 1♀, “Brasil, Minas Gerais, 10\ Km and SE de Berisal, Faz\ Veredão, 15°40′S 41°40′W, 850m,\13.ii.2010, G. Melo,\ D. Parizotto & P. Grossi\ arm. luminosa (18–20h)” (DZUP); 2♀, “B. Horizonte – MG\ [28.IV–4.V.92 and 26.XII–2.XII.91]\ A. F. K.” (DZUP). — Paraná: [new record] 65♂, 29♀, “Jundiaí do Sul – PR\ Fazenda Monte Verde\ Brasil [dates between VIII.1986 and V.1988]\ Lev. Ent. Profaupar\ Malaise” (DZUP); 6♂, 1♀, “P. Grossa (V. Velha) – PR\ Reserva IAPAR Br376\ Brasil [dates between IX.1986 and III.1987]\ Lev. Ent. Profaupar\ Malaise” (DZUP); 3♂, 2♀, “Antonina – PR\ Reserva Sapitanduva\ Brasil [dates between XI.1986 and III.1988]\ Lev. Ent. Profaupar\ Malaise” (DZUP); 2♂, “Fênix – PR\ Reserva Est. ICTF Brasil [XI.1986 and XII.1986]\ Lev. Ent. Profaupar\ Malaise” (DZUP); 2♂, 3♀, “Colombo – PR\ Embrapa Br 476 Km20\ Brasil [dates between VIII.1987 and VII.1988]\ Lev. Ent. Profaupar\ Malaise” (DZUP); 1♂, “Terra Boa – PR\ 20–31-XII-1984\ J. A. Rafael leg” (DZUP); 1♂, 3♀, “Morretes – PR Brasil\ (IAPAR)\ [dates between I and VI.1985]\ C.I.I.F (Luminosa)” (DZUP); 2♂, “Brasil, PR, Bandeirantes\ Parque Estadual Mata\ São Francisco\15a19.IX.2010 malaise\ Nihei, S. & Gilung, J. leg” (MZSP); 7♂, 1♀, “Brasil, Paraná, S. J. dos\ Pinhais, 25°36′18″S 49°11′37″W 880m\ [dates between 23.I.2017 and 31.XI.2019] malaise\ A.C. Domahovski leg.” (DZUP). — Piauí: [new record] 1♂, “Brasil (Piauí), Caracol\ Parque Nac. Serra das Confu-\ sões, Riacho dos Bois, 575m\ 09°13′11.9″S 43°29′26.2″W", “Armadilha Suspensa\ 01–10.iv.2014, J. A. Rafael,\ F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, T. L.\ Rocha & G. A. Reis, cols.” (CZMA); 2♂, “Brasil (Piauí), Caracol\ Parque Nac. Serra das Confu-\ sões, Riacho dos Bois, 575m\ 09°13′11.9″S 43°29′26.2″W", “Armadilha Suspensa\ 20–31.vii.2014, J. A. Rafael,\ F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, T. L.\ Rocha & G. A. Reis, cols.” (CZMA); 2♂, “Brasil (Piauí), Caracol\ Parque Nac. Serra das Confu-\ sões, Riacho dos Bois, 575m\ 09°13′11.9″S 43°29′26.2″W", “Armadilha Suspensa\ 01–10.vii.2014, J. A. Rafael,\ F. Limeira-de-Oliveira, T. L.\ Rocha & G. A. Reis, cols.” (CZMA); 1♂, “Brasil (Piauí), Caracol\ Parque Nac. Serra das Confu-\ sões, Riacho dos Bois, 575m\ 09°13′11.9″S 43°29′26.2″W", “Armadilha de Malaise\ 11–20.viii.2013, J. A. Rafael,\ F. Limeira-de-Oliveira\ & T. T. A. Silva, cols” (CZMA). – Rio de Janeiro: [new record] 1♂, “Rep. Rio Grande RJ\ RJ – Br II-1976\ M. Alvarenga Leg” (DZUP). – Rio Grande do Sul: 1♂, “Triunfo – RS\ 13–14.VI.96\ E. L. Sousa” (DZUP); 2♂, 3♀, “Montenegro – RS – BR\ (Armadilha adesiva) [dates between VII.2009 and IV.2010\ Carvalho, G.S. leg” (MCTP). – Santa Catarina: [new record] 10♂, 3♀, “Brasilien\ Nova Teutonia\ 27°11′ B. 52°23′ L\ Fritz Plaumann”, XI.78 and XI.82, (DZUP). — São Paulo: [new record] 1♂, “Brasil, São Paulo\ Teodoro Sampaio\ XI.1978” (DZUP); 1♂, “Brasil, São Paulo\ Barueri\ III.1958\ K. Lentes leg” (DZUP); 2♂, “Brasil, SP, Santo André\ REBIO Parabapiacaba\ 23°46′46″S 46°18′29″W\ 21.VIII and 21.IX.2011\ Malaise 3\Gudin & Dios legs.” (MZSP); 1♂, 4♀, “Brasil, São Paulo,\ Jundiaí,\Serra do Japi\ 18.III.2010\ Malaise IV” (MZSP); 10♂, 4♀, “Brasil, SP, Bertioga, P.\ Estadual Restinga de\ Bertioga, rio Itaguaré\ 23°46′52″S 45°58′31″W\ [dates between 5.I.2013 and 22.XI.2013] Malaise\ Biffi, Cesar & Fuhrmann” (MZSP).

Acuera laudara DeLong & Freytag, 1974. Brazil: Distrito Federal: [new record] 2♀, “Brasil, Brasília – DF, Faz.\ Água Limpa, 15.9594°S 47.9328°W, [31.I.2011 and 10.X.2013]\ Malaise, A.J.C. Aguiar” (DZUP); 1♀, “Brasil, Brasília – DF,\ Fazenda Água Limpa,\ Cerrado, malaise, 09–\ 23.XI.2017, J.R.P. Luz” (DZUP). — Goiás: [new record] 2♂, “Brasil, GO, Novo Mundo,\ Armadilha Malaise\ 13.9292°S 49.9716°W, \ 282m, [10.XII.2010 and 02.IV.2012]” (DZUP); 1♂, “Brasil, Goiás\ São Domingos\ Fazenda Cipasa\ 18-IX a 2-X-93”, “Dionísio Pimentel”, “Malaise”, “MPEG 05029111” (MPEG). — Mato Grosso: [new record] 3♂ “Cáceres, MT\ 28-I-1985\ C. Ellias leg.\ Polonoroeste” (DZUP). — Mato Grosso do Sul: [new record] 2♂, “Brasil, MS, Aquidauana\ Res. Ecol. UEMS – vege-\ tação aberta Malaise7\ 20°26′03″S 55°39′20″W\ 26.VII–11.VIII.2012\ Lamas, Nihei & eq leg\ SISBIOTA – CNPq/FAPESP” (MZSP); 2♀, “Brasil, MS, Chapadão do Sul,\ Pantanal, 18°46′30,09″S 52°31′04,98″W, 804m,\ [28.XI.2016 and 05.III.2016], T. Taira leg.” (DZUP). — Maranhão: [new record] 1♀, “Brasil, Maranhão, Caxias,\ Res. Ecol. Inhamum\ 04°53′30″S 43°24′53″W\ 15.IV.2018, sweep.\ A.C. Domahovski leg” (DZUP); 1♂, “Brasil, (MA), Riachão\ Fazenda Altos\ Armadilha Malaise”, “18–22.viii.2009\ F. Limeira-de-Oliveira\ & M. B. Aguiar Neto” (CZMA); 2♂, “Brasil (MA), Carolina\ PARNA Chapada das Mesas,\ Riacho Sucuruiu, 240m\ 07°07′05.6″S 47°18′31.6″W", “Armadilha de Malaise\ 10–20.viii.2014; J.A. Rafael\ F.Limeira-de-Oliveira, T.L.\ Rocha & G. A. Reis, cols.” (CZMA); 7♂, 3♀, “Brasil (MA), Mirador\ Parque Est. Mirador\ Base da Geraldina\ 06°37′25″S 45°52′08″W", “Armadilha suspensa\ [dates between 18.ii.2012 and 08–14.iii.2013], J. T. \ Camara, L.L.M. Santos\ L. S. Santos cols” (CZMA); 1♂, “Brasil, MA\ Imperatriz\ Ribeirãozinho\ Salo VIII1989”, “Armadilha Malaise”, “Brasil MA\ F.F. Ramos”, “MPEG 05027945” (MPEG). — Piauí: [new record] 6♂, “Brasil (PI), Guaribas\ Parque Nacional Serra das\ Confusões, Andorinha, 515m\ 09°08′27.8″S 43°33′42.1″W", “Armadilha Suspensa\ [dates between 01–10.iv.2014 and 01–10.viii.2014], F.\ Limeira-de-Oliveira, T.L.\ Rocha & G. A. Reis, cols.” (CZMA).

Acuera levara DeLong & Freytag, 1974. Brazil: Goiás: [new record] 1♀, “S. Isabel do Morro\ I. Bananal Goiás\ Brasil VI-1964\ M. Alvarenga leg” (DZUP). — Paraná: [new record] 3♂, 1♀, “Fênix – PR\ Reserva Est. ICTF Brasil [dates between VIII.1986 and V.1988]\ Lev. Ent. Profaupar\ Malaise” (DZUP); 1♂, “Terra Boa – PR\ 01-03-I-1985\ J. A. Rafael leg\ malaise” (DZUP). — Tocantins: [new record] 1♀, “Brasil, Tocantins, Palmas\ Taquaruçu, Fazenda\ Encantada 10°15′2.3″S 48°07′33.6″W Malaise\ 18–25.v.2012 Krolow,\ T.K. & Lima, H.I.L. leg.” (DZUP).

Acuera menaca DeLong & Freytag, 1974. Brazil: Rondônia: [new record] 1♂, “Brasil, Rondônia, Flona\ Jamari, 03/05.IX.2012\ (malaise) 9°15′35″S 62°54′47″W 110m\ R.R. Cavichioli leg.” (DZUP); 3♂, “Brasil, Rondônia, Porto\ Velho, Rio Madeira\ 09°35′29″S 65°02′57″W\ Malaise 04–18.IX.2012\ MA Ullysséa & LP Prado” (DZUP); 3♂, “Brasil, Rondônia, Porto\ Velho, Rio Madeira\ 09°38′06″S 65°27′11″W\ Malaise 05–17.I.2011\ RR Silva & RSProbst leg” (MZSP). — Bolivia: [new record] 1♂, “Bolívia GS1\ 2009” (DZRJ). — Peru: 1♂, “Peru: Cusco, 3rd km Quincemil\13°13′03″S 70°43′40″W 633m\ 23–30.VIII.2012 Malaise\ RR Cavichioli, JA Rafael, APM\ Santos & DM Takiya” (DZRJ).

Acuera nigrifrons (Osborn, 1938). Bolivia: 1♂, “BOLIVIA: Dpto. Santa Cruz; Reserva Natural Potrerillo del Guenda; on road out; 5–18 Oct. 2009; S17 40 37.8 W63 26 40.4; 355m elev.; J.R. Cryan & A.J. Bell” (DZRJ). — Peru: [new record] 1♂, “Peru: Madre de Dios, 12 rd\ km and Mazuco, Pte. Amanapu\ 13°02′51″S 70°20′46″W\ 382m 28–22.VIII.2012\ APM Santos & DM Takiya” (DZRJ); 1♂, “Peru: San Martin, Cons. Mun. Zona\ Barreal 23 km S Picota 335m,\ 7°04.88′S 76°18.89′W 6–15Mar\ 2005, ME Irwin, JD Vasquez,\ Malaise, dry forest PE 11-02” (DZRJ); 1♂, Peru: Cusco, 19 rd km W Quicemil,\ Rio Araza tributary\ 13°20′10″S 70°50′57″W 874m\ 23–31.VIII.2012 Malaise RR Cavichioli,\ JA Rafael, APM Santos & DM Takiya” (DZUP).

Acuera rana DeLong & Freytag, 1982: 309.

Small to medium size leafhoppers (7.0–10.5 mm). Head, in dorsal view (Figs 17A, 18A), moderately produced anterad, median length slightly longer than half interocular width; crown surface with transverse striae; ocellus slightly closer to inner margin of eye than to midline. Head, in lateral view (Figs 17C, 18C), crown-face transition thin, with 3–6 transverse carinae. Pronotum (Figs 17A, 18A) with black or brown punctures. Forewing (Figs 20D, 22D) M vein with segment after the divergence between R+M and before the cross vein m-cu₁ 2× longer than the length of m-cu₁; appendix reduced. Subgenital plate (Figs 17H, 22H) usually with long setae. Aedeagus (Figs 17L, 18L) strongly constricted between dorsal apodeme and atrium; dorsal apodeme with pair of long processes, strongly curved dorsally.

Figure 17. 

Coarctana rana comb. nov., male. A head and thorax, dorsal view. B head, ventral view. C head and thorax, lateral view. D forewing. E sternite VIII, ventral view. F valve, ventral view. G pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view; g apical portion of pygofer, dorsal view. H subgenital plate, ventral view. I connective, dorsal view. J style, dorsal view. K style, lateral view. L aedeagus, lateral view. M aedeagus, posterior view. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 18. 

Coarctana asymmetrica sp. nov., holotype male. A head and thorax, dorsal view. B head, ventral view. C head and thorax, lateral view. D forewing. E sternite VIII, ventral view. F valve, ventral view. G pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view. H subgenital plate, ventral view. I connective, dorsal view. J style, dorsal view. K style, lateral view. L aedeagus, lateral view. M aedeagus, posterior view. Scale bars in mm.

Head and thorax (Figs 29, 32) reddish-brown or yellowish-brown. Head (Figs 17A, 19A) without black punctures, usually with a pair of small circular black spots, near posterior margin, behind ocelli. Face (Figs 17B, 18B) usually without maculae. Pronotum (Figs 17A, 18A) with black or brown punctures and frequently with irregular black spots near anterior margin. Forewing (Figs 17D, 23D) with black maculae on apex of anal veins, cross veins of discal and apical cells, usually with additional mottled black spots, or with a transverse brown stripe over subapical cells. Legs (Figs 31, 32) without large black maculae or punctures. Metatibia (Figs 17C, 23C) with cucullate bases of setae blacks.

Figure 19. 

Coarctana glabra sp. nov., holotype male. A head and thorax, dorsal view. B head, ventral view. C head and thorax, lateral view. D forewing. E sternite VIII, ventral view. F valve, ventral view. G pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view. H subgenital plate, ventral view. I connective, dorsal view. J style, dorsal view. K style, lateral view. L aedeagus, lateral view. M aedeagus, posterior view. Scale bars in mm.

Head, in dorsal view (Figs 17A, 18A), moderately produced anterad, median length slightly longer than half interocular width; transocular width 8.0–8.5 tenths of pronotum humeral width; crown surface with transverse striae; ocellus slightly closer to anterior margin or equidistant between anterior and posterior margins of crown and slightly closer to inner margin of eye than to midline. Head, in frontal view (Figs 17B, 18B), face wider than high; frons texture shagreen, surface just below the crown-face transition not excavated; frontogenal suture surpassing antennal ledge, extending to anterior margin of crown; supra-antennal lobe oblique, advancing over the frons for short distance; gena with ventrolateral margin rounded and slightly angled medially; maxillary plate produced ventrally as far as clypeus apex. Head, in lateral view (Figs 17C, 18C), crown-face transition thin, with 3–6 transverse carinae; anterior margin of crown slightly projected over anterior margin of eye; frons not inflated. Pronotum, in dorsal view (Figs 17A, 18A), with transverse striae on disc and posterior third; lateral margins as long as eye length; posterior margin slightly excavated; in lateral view (Figs 17C, 18C), moderately declivous, continuous with head declivity. Mesonotum (Figs 17A, 18A), slightly wider than long; scutellum (Figs 17A, 18A) slightly swollen. Forewing (Figs 20D, 22D) without extra numerary veins; M vein with segment after the divergence between R+M and before the cross vein m-cu₁ 2× longer than the length of m-cu₁; appendix reduced, bordering first to second apical cells; apex rounded. Profemur moderately elongated, 3.5× longer than wide; AD, AM, and PD rows reduced and poorly defined, with exception of apical setae AD₁, AM₁, and PD₁, respectively; IC row formed by slightly arched comb of fine setae, beginning at distal half of femur and extending to AM₁; AV row with 4–6 setae restricted to basal half; PV with 1–3 setae. Protibia, in cross-section, semi-circular, dorsal surface with longitudinal carina adjacent to PD row; AV row formed by long setae, slightly longer and thicker towards apex; dorsal rows with apical AD₁ and PD₁ setae developed; AD row without differentiated setae. Mesotibia with dorsal surface rounded. Metafemur with setal formula 2:2:1. Metatibia with AD row with up to 4 intercalary setae between macrosetae; PV row with setae of apical half formed by sequence of a longer and thicker seta, interspersed with 2-4 thinner and shorter setae, ending with a long and thick seta. Metatarsomere I ventral surface with rows of non-cucullate setae; outer row absent or with setae very reduced in size; inner row with 5-8; pecten with 3-4 platellae, flanked by one inner and one outer tapered seta. Metatarsomere II pecten with 2 platellae, flanked by two inner and one outer tapered seta.

Figure 20. 

Coarctana nigromedia sp. nov., holotype male. A head and thorax, dorsal view. B head, ventral view. C head and thorax, lateral view. D forewing. E sternite VIII, ventral view. F valve, ventral view. G pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view. H subgenital plate, ventral view. I connective, dorsal view. J style, dorsal view. K style, lateral view. L aedeagus, lateral view. M aedeagus, posterior view. Scale bars in mm.

Sternite VIII not covering subgenital plates. Pygofer, in lateral view (Figs 22G, 23G), with basodorsal processes usually developed and extending ventrally. Anal tube membranous, without processes. Subgenital plate (Figs 17H, 22H) usually with long setae. Aedeagus (Figs 17L, 18L) strongly constricted between dorsal apodeme and atrium, dorsal apodeme bent ventrally, with pair of long processes, strongly curved dorsally.

Pygofer (Fig. 21B, 24B) with macrosetae distributed on posteroventral quadrant and dorsoapical third. Ovipositor slightly curved dorsally. First valvula (Figs 21C, 27C) not broadened medially; dorsal sculptured area strigate, beginning after half length of valvula; ventral interlocking device distinct on basoventral 2/5 of blade; apex tapered and acute. Second valvula (Figs 21E, 27E) wider near half length; dorsal protuberance rounded, located after half length of blade; dorsal margin with few very small, rounded teeth, irregular shaped, present subapically; ventral margin without denticles; apex tapered and subacute. Second valvifer (Figs 21G, 27G) 2.8× longer than wide. Gonoplac (Figs 21G, 27G) posterodorsal margin straight, about 4 tenths of blade length; external surface with dentiform cuticular projections; ventral margin broadly rounded; apex slightly tapered and rounded.

Figure 21. 

Coarctana nigromedia sp. nov., paratype female. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view. B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view. C first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view. D apical portion of first valvula. E second valvula, lateral view. F apical portion of second valvula. G second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view. H apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 22. 

Coarctana occultata sp. nov., holotype male. A head and thorax, dorsal view. B head, ventral view. C head and thorax, lateral view. D forewing. E sternite VIII, ventral view. F valve, ventral view. G pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view. H subgenital plate, ventral view. I connective, dorsal view. J style, dorsal view. K style, lateral view. L aedeagus, lateral view. M aedeagus, posterior view. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 23. 

Coarctana oricula sp. nov., holotype male. A head and thorax, dorsal view. B head, ventral view. C head and thorax, lateral view. D forewing. E sternite VIII, ventral view. F valve, ventral view. G pygofer, valve and subgenital plate, lateral view. H subgenital plate, ventral view. I connective, dorsal view. J style, dorsal view. K style, lateral view. L aedeagus, lateral view. M aedeagus, posterior view. Scale bars in mm.

Figure 24. 

Coarctana oricula sp. nov., paratype female. A distal portion of abdomen, ventral view. B distal portion of abdomen, lateral view. C first valvifer and first valvula, lateral view. D apical portion of first valvula. E second valvula, lateral view. F apical portion of second valvula. G second valvifer and gonoplac, lateral view. H apical portion of gonoplac. Scale bars in mm.

Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.

The generic name Coarctana (feminine noun) is derived from the Latin word “coarctatio” meaning constriction. It refers to aedeagus bearing a strong constriction between the atrium and dorsal apodeme. The suffix – ana is common in names of Gyponini genera.

Pygofer, in dorsal view (Fig. 17g), with a small subapical process directed inwards. Subgenital plate (Fig. 17H) with long filiform setae. Style (Fig. 17K) with apex expanded forming rounded lobe ventrally and small dorsal process, curved anterad. Aedeagus (Fig. 17L, M) with apodemal process very narrow, strongly curved dorsally; shaft slender; apex slightly inflated, with two pairs of short processes: a subapical pair on posterior surface, directed dorsally and a apical pair directed ventrally, about twice as long as the subapical pair.

Total length: males 7.6–8.1 mm.

Head, in frontal view (Fig. 17B), frons 1.1× wider than long; frontogenal suture distant from eye margin by approximately the width of scape; clypeus 1.3× wider than long; lateral margins straight and parallel; apex straight. Head, in lateral view (Fig. 17C), crown-face transition moderately thick, with 5–6 transverse carinae; clypeus not inflated. Profemur AV row with 5–6 setae; PV row with 3–4 setae. Protibia PD row with 4 setae and undifferentiated intercalary setae; PV row with 5 setae and undifferentiated intercalary setae. Metatibia PD, AD and AV rows with 22–24, 12 and 13–15 macrosetae respectively. Metatarsomere I 4.5× longer than apical width; inner row of the ventral surface with 7–8 setae. Other characteristics as in generic description.

Head and thorax (Figs 17A–D, 32C, D) yellowish-brown. Head (Fig. 17A) with pair of small circular black spots, near posterior margin, behind ocelli; coronal suture black; ocellus surrounded by black maculae in more melanic specimens. Face (Fig. 17B) yellowish, without maculae. Pronotum (Fig. 17A) with black punctures and irregular black spots near anterior margin; proepimeron (Fig. 17C), with black band below pronotal carina. Mesonotum (Fig. 17A) with dark-brown lateral angles, pair of small median black spots near scutoscutellar suture. Forewing (Fig. 17D) strongly marked by dark-brown mottling; veins yellowish-brown, outlined by dark-brown. Metatibia (Fig. 17C) with cucullate bases of setae blacks.

Sternite VIII (Fig. 17E) 1.5× wider than long; lateral margins parallel; posterior margin produced medially forming short, rounded lobe. Valve (Fig. 17F) narrow, 1.1× wider than long; posterior margin tapered and rounded. Pygofer, in lateral view (Fig. 17G), 1.4× longer than maximum height; basodorsal process present but reduced; anteroventral and posterodorsal margins straight; posteroventral margin broadly rounded; apex broad, slightly excavated; in dorsal view (Fig. 17g), with small subapical process directed inwards. Subgenital plate, in lateral view (Fig. 17G), surpassing pygofer apex; in ventral view (Fig. 17H), elongated, 3.8× longer than wide, maximum width medially; outer margin with long filiform setae; inner margin slightly rounded; outer margin straight; apex weakly tapered and rounded. Connective (Fig. 17I) wider than long; anterior margin excavated; dorsal keel and stem reduced. Style, in dorsal view (Fig. 17J), with outer lobe small and rounded; strongly sinuate between outer lobe and blade; in lateral view (Fig. 17K), with blade slightly wider near base and tapered toward apex; dorsal and ventral margins slightly sinuate; ventral margin with apical half serrated; apex expanded forming rounded lobe ventrally and small dorsal process, curved anterad. Aedeagus (Fig. 17L, M) preatrium weakly developed; dorsal apodeme with dorsal margin slightly excavated, lateral margins produced ventrolaterally; apodemal process very narrow, strongly curved dorsally, apex tapered and acute; shaft slender, cylindrical, curved dorsally near base; apex slightly inflated, with two pairs of short processes: a subapical pair on posterior surface, directed dorsally and a apical pair directed ventrally, about twice as long as the subapical pair. Other characteristics as in generic description.

Unknown.

Bolivia: 3♂, “Bolívia, Cochabamba,\ Vila Tunari\ 16°54′55″S 65°22′06″W\ 10.VI–03.VII.2002\ malaise Helmut Heidas” (DZRJ); 1♂, same data as preceding except 07–20.IX.2002 (DZUP). — Brazil: Rondônia: 1♂, “Ouro Preto\ d′Oeste, RO.\ 31.X.1987\ C. Elias, leg” (DZUP). — Peru: 2♂, “Peru: San Martin, Cons.\ Mun. Zona Barreal 23Km S\ Picota 335m, 7°04.88′S, 79°18.89′W 6–15Mar2005,\ ME Irwin, JD Vasquez,\ Malaise, dry Florest PE 11-02” (DZRJ); 1♂, “Peru: Dept Amazonas,\ Distr. Águas Verdes,\ Bagua Taparoto Rd(5N)\ at Km403; 23–30.I.2009\ ME Irwin, GA Amaya,\ 1125m; 05°41′23″S 77°38′13″W" (DZRJ); 1♂, same data as preceding except 30.I–06.II.2009 (DZRJ); 1♂, same data as preceding except 15–22.V.2009 (DZUP).

Our analysis recovered C. rana comb. nov. as sister to C. serpenta comb. nov. with low branch support (SR < 50) (Fig. 7). These species are similar in the overall coloration (Fig. 32C–F); in having a small digitiform processes at pygofer apex (Fig. 17g); the subgenital plates (Fig. 17H) with long filiform setae; and in the shape of the apodemal processes of aedeagus, slender and strongly curved (Fig. 17L).

Head (Fig. 18A) with portion between ocelli and anterior margin dark-brown. Pygofer (Fig. 18G) with apex excavated. Subgenital plate (Fig. 18H) with long filiform setae. Style (Fig. 18K) apex truncated, with one process directed dorsally and one ventrally, both with equivalent sizes and acute. Aedeagus (Fig. 18L, M) with ventral margin of apodemal process forming rounded lobe produced ventrally; shaft with pair of processes directed ventrally: left process short, about 1/4 length of shaft, right process longer, about 2/3 length of shaft and directed to left side.

Total length: holotype male 7.6 mm.

Head, in frontal view (Fig. 18B), frons 1.2× wider than long; frontogenal suture distant from eye margin by approximately half maximum width of clypeus; clypeus 1.2× wider than long; lateral margins straight, slightly convergent apically; apex straight. Head, in lateral view (Fig. 18C), crown-face transition thin, with 3 transverse carinae; clypeus not inflated. Forewing (Fig. 18D) with apex of anal veins bifid. Profemur AV row with 5 setae; PV row with 1 seta near apex. Protibia PD row with 3 setae and undifferentiated intercalary setae; PV row with 5 setae and undifferentiated intercalary setae. Metatibia PD, AD and AV rows with 22–24, 13 and 15 macrosetae respectively. Metatarsomere I 4× longer than apical width; inner row of the ventral surface with 5 setae. Other characteristics as in generic description.

Head and thorax (Figs 18A–D, 31C, D) yellowish-brown. Head (Fig. 18A) with pair of small circular black spots, near posterior margin, behind ocelli; portion between ocelli dark brown. Face (Fig. 18B) yellowish; antennal pit dark brown. Pronotum (Fig. 18A) with black punctures; small black maculae near anterior margin, behind eye and ocellus; proepimeron (Fig. 18C) black, except ventral third yellow. Mesonotum (Fig. 18A) reddish-brown. Scutellum yellowish. Forewing (Fig. 18D) with brown veins, larger dark-brown maculae on apex of anal veins, outer discal cell, costal margin, cross veins of discal and apical cells; transverse brown stripe over subapical cells; apical cells smoky apically. Metatibia (Fig. 18C) with cucullate bases of setae blacks.

Sternite VIII (Fig. 18E) 1.5× wider than long; lateral margins weakly convergent posterad; posterior margin straight. Valve (Fig. 18F) 1.8× wider than long; posterior margin rounded. Pygofer, in lateral view (Fig. 18G), 1.6× longer than maximum height; basodorsal process thin and short, extending ventrally for 1\5 height of lateral lobe; ventral margin rounded, posterodorsal and posteroventral margins straight and weakly convergent posterad; apex broad and excavated, forming two rounded tips: the dorsal wider than the ventral. Subgenital plate, in lateral view (Fig. 18G), not reaching pygofer apex; in ventral view (Fig. 18H), elongated, 3.3× longer than wide, maximum width near median third; long filiform setae on ventral surface near outer margin and dorsal surface near base; lateral margins rounded; apex tapered, subacute. Connective (Fig. 18I) about as wide as long; anterior margin excavated; dorsal keel reduced; stem short. Style, in dorsal view (Fig. 18J), with outer lobe developed and rounded; in lateral view (Fig. 18K), blade narrow, slightly wider on apical half; dorsal margin almost straight; ventral margin with basal half straight and apical half slightly rounded and serrated; apex truncated, with one process directed dorsally and one ventrally, both with equivalent sizes. Aedeagus (Fig. 18L, M) preatrium weakly developed; dorsal apodeme with dorsal margin straight, lateral margins not produced laterally; apodemal processes narrow basally, curved in right angle dorsally in the basal third; ventral margin forming rounded lobe produced ventrally; distal portion straight, apex weakly broadened, curved over the apex of shaft; shaft approximately cylindrical, strongly curved dorsally near base, with small basolateral expansion that surrounds the previous portion of shaft; apex with pair of processes directed ventrally: left process short, about 1/4 length of shaft, right process longer, about 2/3 length of shaft and directed to left side. Other characteristics as in generic description.

Unknown.

Holotype male: Brazil: Mato Grosso: “Cáceres, MT\ 20.XI.1984\ C. Elias leg.\ Polonoroeste” (DZUP).

The new species name refers to asymmetric apical processes of the aedeagus.

Coarctana asymmetrica sp. nov. was recovered as sister group to C. nigromedia sp. nov. with moderate branch support (SR = 67) (Fig. 7), both of them have the pygofer apex excavated (Fig. 18G). The new species is easily differentiated by having the style (Fig. 18K) with apex truncated, bearing one small process directed dorsally and one ventrally, both similar in size; and in having the aedeagal shaft (Fig. 18L, M) with pair of asymmetric processes.

Subgenital plate, in ventral view (Fig. 19H), ovoid, outer margin with minute setae. Connective (Fig. 19I) with stem thin, about as long as arm length. Style, in lateral view (Fig. 19K), ventral margin with median third with small, rounded lobe; apex strongly tapered, curved dorsally. Aedeagus (Fig. 19L, M) apodemal process elongated, broadly curved dorsally; apex tapered and truncated, finely serrated; shaft apex with two pairs of short processes: subapical pair directed ventrally, and apical pair curved laterally, as long as the subapical pair.

Total length: holotype male 8.0 mm.

Head, in frontal view (Fig. 19B), frons 1.1× wider than long; frontogenal suture distant from eye margin by approximately half maximum width of clypeus; clypeus 1.5× wider than long; lateral margins parallel; apex straight. Head, in lateral view (Fig. 19C), crown-face transition thin, almost foliaceus, with 3 transverse carinae; clypeus not inflated. Profemur AV row with 5–6 setae; PV row with 2 setae. Protibia PD row with 3 setae and undifferentiated intercalary setae; PV row with 2–3 setae and undifferentiated intercalary setae. Metatibia PD, AD and AV rows with 24, 13 and 14–15 macrosetae respectively. Metatarsomere I moderately elongated, 3× longer than apical width; inner row of the ventral surface with 7–8 setae. Other characteristics as in generic description.

Head and thorax (Figs 19A–D, 31E, F) reddish-brown. Head (Fig. 19D) with pair of small circular black spots, near posterior margin, behind ocelli. Gena (Fig. 19B) yellowish; antennal pit dark brown. Pronotum (Fig. 19A) with black punctures and irregular black spots near anterior margin; proepimeron (Fig. 19C), with black band below pronotal carina, wider near anterior margin; lateral carina yellow. Mesonotum (Fig. 19A) with dark-brown lateral angles, pair of small median black spots near scutoscutellar suture, pair of small yellow spots on lateral angles. Forewing (Fig. 19D) strongly marked by dark-brown mottling; veins brown, outlined by dark brown. Legs yellowish with black punctures and maculae. Metatibia (Fig. 19C) with cucullate bases of setae blacks.

Sternite VIII (Fig. 19E) 1.5× wider than long; lateral margins parallel; posterior margin slightly excavated each side of broad median lobe. Valve (Fig. 19F) 2× wider than long; posterior margin notched medially. Pygofer, in lateral view (Fig. 19G), 1.5× longer than maximum height; basodorsal process present but reduced; anteroventral margin truncated; posterodorsal margin rounded; posteroventral margin straight; apex broadly rounded. Subgenital plate, in lateral view (Fig. 19G), almost reaching pygofer apex; apex curved dorsally; in ventral view (Fig. 19H), ovoid, 2.5× longer than wide, maximum width near basal third; outer margin with minute setae; lateral margins rounded; apex weakly tapered and rounded. Connective (Fig. 19I) wider than long; anterior margin weakly excavated; dorsal keel reduced; stem thin, about as long as arm length. Style, in dorsal view (Fig. 19J), with outer lobe reduced; in lateral view (Fig. 19K), with blade wider near base and tapered toward apex; dorsal margin slightly sinuate; ventral margin with apical half serrated, median third with small, rounded lobe; apex strongly tapered, curved dorsally. Aedeagus (Fig. 19L, M) preatrium weakly developed; dorsal apodeme with dorsal margin slightly excavated, lateral margins produced ventrolaterally; apodemal process elongated, strongly curved dorsally, slightly wider medially; apex tapered and truncated, finely serrated; shaft slightly asymmetrical, basal half weakly flattened dorsoventrally and cylindrical apically, curved dorsally near base; apex slightly twisted laterally, with two pairs of short processes: subapical pair directed ventrally and apical pair curved laterally, as long as the subapical pair. Other characteristics as in generic description.