2026-04-13T08:04:59Z https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/oai.php

10.3897/asp.64.e31640 2006-10-30 arthropod-systematics

A revised interpretation of attachment structures in Hexapoda with special emphasis on Mantophasmatodea Beutel,Rolf. Gorb,Stanislav SEM TEM cuticle friction attachment ultrastructure locomotion Hexapoda phylogeny evolution functional morphology Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(1): 3-25 Characters of hexapod attachment structures were analysed cladistically together with 110 additional morphological characters of immatures and adults. The results suggest the monophyly of Hexapoda, Ellipura, Diplura + Ectognatha, and Dicondylia. Lepidothrichidae is either the sister group of the remaining Dicondylia or part of a clade Zygentoma. Odonata is the sister group of Neoptera, and Plecoptera possibly the sister group of the remaining neopteran orders. Pliconeoptera are paraphyletic. Embioptera were placed as sistergroup of a clade comprising the remaining Pliconeoptera, Paraneoptera and Endopterygota. The branching pattern of the majority of the “lower neopteran” groups is Dermaptera + ((Dictyoptera + (Orthoptera + Phasmatodea)) + (Grylloblattodea + Mantophasmatodea)). The sister group relationship between Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea is only weakly supported. Zoraptera were placed as sister group of Acercaria (Paraneoptera). The monophyly of Psocodea and Hemiptera was confirmed. Paraneoptera are the sister group of Endopterygota. Strepsiptera were placed as sister taxon to the remaining Endopterygota. Coleoptera + Neuropterida is weakly supported statistically. They are placed as sister group of Hymenoptera + (Amphiesmenoptera + Antliophora). The interrelationships within Antliophora remain uncertain. Attachment devices that have evolved in an apterygote lineage are the tufts of curved hairs on the apical tarsus of archaeognathan species (scopulae). Attachment pads were absent in the groundplan of Pterygota. The arolium is likely a derived groundplan feature of Neoptera, with secondary loss in several groups. It is usually smooth on its surface. The hairy surface of the greatly enlarged arolium and the hairy surface of the euplantulae are autapomorphies of Mantophasmatodea. Pad-like euplantulae are a potential synapomorphy of the clade comprising Dictyoptera, Phasmatodea, Orthoptera, Grylloblattodea (strongly reduced in size) and Mantophasmatodea. Hairy or smooth pulvilli have evolved several times independently. Hairy soles of tarsomeres are present in Embioptera, Dermaptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Coleoptera (groundplan) and Stylopidia (absent in the groundplan of Strepsiptera). The phylogenetic interpretation of this character is ambiguous. An eversible pretarsal vesicle is autapomorphic for Thysanoptera and a fossula spongiosa for Piratinae (Reduviidae). An extended empodium occurs in Nematocera excl. Tipulomorpha and in Tabanoidea. The presence of hairy pulvilli and the loss of the arolium are potential apomorphies of Diptera excl. Tipulomorpha. Plantar lobes are a derived groundplan feature of Hymenoptera and partly or completely reduced in Apocrita. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31640 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31640 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31640/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31640/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31641 2006-10-30 arthropod-systematics

Evidence from mitochondrial genomics on interordinal relationships in insects Cameron,Stephen Beckenbach,Andrew Dowton,Mark Whiting,Michael Mitochondria genomics phylogenetics Insecta interordinal relationships gene rearrangements. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(1): 27-34 Mitochondrial (mt) genomes are the largest molecular data source for deep level insect phylogenetics that is also obtainable in a reasonable timeframe and for a reasonable cost. Over 100 insect mt genomes have been sequenced, representing 29 of the 30 orders, multiple suborders for a third of the orders, and many representatives of the mega-diverse orders. Genome rearrangements have been found in a third of the insect orders however these rearrangements diagnose groups of ordinal or lower rank. Sequence based phylogenetic hypotheses utilizing mt genomic data are a promising source of data on interordinal relationships however these studies are hampered by base compositional biases, unequal rates of nucleotide substitution across groups and other long-branch effects. Available data from the field of insect mitogenomic phylogenetics is reviewed and future directions in this research outlined. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31641 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31641 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31641/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31641/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31642 2006-10-30 arthropod-systematics

A molecular phylogeny of Hexapoda Kjer,Karl Carle,Frank Litman,Jesse Ware,Jessica Insecta Hexapoda phylogeny ribosomal RNA secondary structure alignment supermatrix Bayesian analysis weighted parsimony among site rate variation compositional bias. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(1): 35-44 We present a supermatrix approach to the phylogeny of Insecta that stemmed from a talk given at the 2nd Dresden Meeting on Insect Phylogeny (2005). The data included a fragment of the 28S (D1–D8) and complete sequences for the 18S, histone (H3), EF-1α, COI, COII, the 12S and 16S plus the intervening tRNA, and 170 morphological characters. Ribosomal RNA sequences were manually aligned to secondary structure. Two separate Bayesian likelihood analyses were performed, as well as a weighted parsimony analysis, on combined data. Partitioned datasets were also explored. Expected clades like Hexapoda, Insecta, Dicondylia, Pterygota, Neoptera, Dictyoptera, Paraneoptera, and Endopterygota were consistently recovered. However, conflicting hypotheses from independent datasets, as well as a lack of quantitative support from the combined supermatrix, suggest that the elucidation of relationships between non-holometabolous neopteran orders is far from resolved. Substitution rate heterogeneity among lineages, missing intermediate taxa, near simultaneous divergences, flawed phylogenetic models and nucleotide compositional bias are discussed as possible causes for unresolved interordinal relationships. The capacity of this dataset to convey information, its inherent limitations, and the role and responsibility of the systematist in interpreting data are explored info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31642 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31642 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31642/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31642/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31643 2006-10-30 arthropod-systematics

Exon-intron structure, paralogy and sequenced regions of elongation factor-1 alpha in Hexapoda Djernæs,Marie Damgaard,Jakob Elongation factor-1 alpha exon-intron structure intron gain intron loss sequenced regions paralogous copies Hexapoda. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(1): 45-52 Elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) is already widely used and shows even more promise for phylogenetic studies of Hexapoda. However, paralogous copies and the presence of introns pose problems. We survey exon-intron structure, presence of paralogous copies and the number and extent of sequenced regions in all hexapod orders. We assess the phylogenetic utility of the exon-intron structure of EF-1α, which is unexpectedly dynamic with widespread losses and several independent instances of intron gain. Paralogous copies of EF-1α are present in Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Neuropterida, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera. With the presented information about exon-intron structure and paralogous copies, researchers will be able to realise the full phylogenetic potential of EF-1α, including exon-intron structure as this can provide additional characters and help to define clades and paralogous copies. We recommend a suitable focus region of 500 bp for future studies of EF-1α in Hexapoda. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31643 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31643 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31643/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31643/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31644 2006-10-30 arthropod-systematics

Silurian to Triassic plant and hexapod clades and their associations: new data, a review, and interpretations Labandeira,Conrad Paleozoic Triassic plant-hexapod associations Hexapoda Insecta vascular plants herbivory Calhoun Coal Molteno Formation coprolites gut contents. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(1): 53-94 A preliminary evaluation of hexapod herbivore damage from selected compression and permineralized biotas from the 220 million-year Late Silurian to Late Triassic interval has revealed many previously unknown patterns of hexapod herbivore use of vascular plants as well as detritivore and predator associations. Data was collected from 48 distinctive hexapod herbivore damage types (DTs) from 21 mostly compression biotas, but with special emphasis on the Rhynie Chert (Early Devonian, ~ 408 Ma), Calhoun Coal (Late Pennsylvanian, ~ 303 Ma) and Molteno Formation (Late Triassic, ~ 226 Ma). These data indicate a two-phase herbivore colonization of land; later expansion of hexapod functional feeding groups (FFGs) initially in the Late Pennsylvanian wetland environments of equatorial Euramerica, and subsequently in Early Permian fluvial systems in the rest of Euramerica, Gondwana, and Cathaysia; the devastating end-Permian extinction; and subsequent rebound of those same FFGs during the ensuing Triassic. Modern-aspect herbivore, detritivore, and predator FFGs are present in Late Pennsylvanian canopied forests, and the full spectrum of all terrestrial FFGs are in place during the Late Triassic. Freshwater FFGs are delayed when compared to the terrestrial record, originating during the Permian, experiencing expansion during the Triassic, and reaching modern levels of all major trophic types during the Late Jurassic. A major conclusion is the omnipresence of convergence in FFGs throughout this interval and the spatiotemporally changing and ephemeral nature of plant hosts and their hexapod herbivore taxa info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31644 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31644 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31644/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31644/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31645 2006-10-30 arthropod-systematics

Evidence from embryology for reconstructing the relationships of hexapod basal clades Machida,Ryuichiro Comparative embryology embryonic membranes entognathy Hexapoda Protura Collembola Diplura Entognatha Ectognatha Dicondylia. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(1): 95-104 Hexapod basal clades are discussed and their relationships reconstructed based on comparative embryological evidence. Monophylies of Diplura, Dicondylia and Ectognatha is strongly supported but no embryological evidence supports mono-phyly of the Entognatha. The developmental potential of the embryonic membrane (it forms part of the dorsal body wall) suggests that proturans may be basal to all other hexapods info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31645 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31645 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31645/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31645/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31646 2006-10-30 arthropod-systematics

Notes on Neotropical Proconiini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae), IV: lectotype designations of Aulacizes Amyot & Audinet-Serville species described by Germar and revalidation of A. erythrocephala (Germar, 1821) Mejdalani,Gabriel Takiya,Daniela Carvalho,Rachel Membracoidea Aulacizes quadripunctata leafhopper sharpshooter taxonomy morphology Brazil Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(1): 105-111 Lectotypes are designated for the sharpshooter species Aulacizes erythrocephala (Germar, 1821) and A. quadripunctata (Germar, 1821) based on recently located specimens from the Germar collection. The former species is reinstated from synonymy of the latter one and is redescribed and illustrated based on specimens from Southeastern Brazil. The male and female genitalia are described for the fi rst time. The two species are similar morphologically, but they can be easily distinguished from each other, as well as from the other species of the genus, by their color patterns info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31646 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31646 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31646/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31646/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31647 2006-12-01 arthropod-systematics

Ovariole structure supports sistergroup relationship of Neuroptera and Coleoptera Büning,Jürgen Ovariole germ cell cluster analysis insect phylogeny. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(2): 115-126 Insect ovaries consist of functional units, the ovarioles. Each ovariole is a polarized tube with a germarial region at its anterior end. Undifferentiated germarial germ cells may differentiate either into oocytes alone (so-called panoistic ovarioles) or in oocytes and nurse cells (so-called meroistic ovarioles). Whenever nurse cells accompany an oocyte through all growth periods in a separated physiological unit – the follicle – the subtype is called polytrophic meroistic. In telotrophic meroistic ovarioles all nurse cells remain in an anterior trophic chamber and contribute their products finally into all growing oocytes via nutritive cords. Differences in the mode of germ cell cluster formation and the specifi c interaction of germ cells with the somatic tissues were causing these different types. All three types are constant at the family to order level or even at a supra-order level. Therefore the characters which lead to these types are excellent candidates to unravel order and supraorder ranked taxa. Data from the analysis of germ cell cluster formation are presented which corroborate the sistergroup relationship of Neuropterida and Coleoptera. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31647 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31647 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31647/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31647/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31651 2006-12-01 arthropod-systematics

Can brain structure help to resolve interordinal relationships in insects? Loesel,Rudi Insect phylogeny interordinal relationships brain neuroanatomy neuroarchitecture histochemistry arthropod evolution Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(2): 127-132 While the monophyly of most insect orders is well supported by morphological data, relationships among orders are still largely undecided. Postulated interordinal relationships are often based on relatively few morphological characters or characters of questionable phylogenetic signifi cance. In studies based on molecular evidence interordinal relationships are usually not signifi cantly supported. Depending on the molecule under scrutiny or on the method of data analysis molecular studies often produced confl icting hypotheses on insect phylogeny. One organ that provides a large amount of independent morphological characters and that has as yet been scarcely utilized by insect phylogenists is the supraoesophageal ganglion or brain. Drawing from the vast literature on insect neuroanatomy, this review explores the value of neuronal characters for deriving relationships among insect orders. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31651 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31651 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31651/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31651/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31652 2006-12-01 arthropod-systematics

Insect interordinal relationships: Evidence from the visual system Friedrich,Markus Dong,Ying Jackowska,Magdalena Insect visual system Strepsiptera evolution of development eye development ocellus stemma Bolwig organ. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(2): 133-148 Insects are by far the most speciose and also one of the most intensively studied animal groups on earth. To contribute to a recent effort in reviewing and revalidating morphological and molecular data sets for the reconstruction of insect interordinal phylogeny, we turned our attention to structural and ontogenetic traits of the visual system. Discussed is a suite of characters, nine of which are proposed to show phylogenetically informative differences between insect orders. Of these, three (second mitotic wave, retina blood border, indirect ocellus innervation) relate to basal diversifi cation events in the Pterygota. Four character states represent autapomorphies of the Endopterygota (optic lobe invagination, possession of stemma, stemmata derived adult brain photoreceptors, and postembryonic progressive eye development). Lastly, the spatially undissociated lobula plate in hymenopteran representatives like honey bee, which contrasts with the well separated lobula plate in other endopterygotan orders, is discussed as possibly indicating a basal position of the Hymenoptera in the Endopterygota. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31652 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31652 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31652/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31652/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31653 2006-12-01 arthropod-systematics

Evidence from folding and functional lines of wings on inter-ordinal relationships in Pterygota Haas,Fabian Wings wing folding fl ight insect resilin convergent evolution Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(2): 149-158 Insects fold their hind wings because of quite simple reasons. With fl exed and folded wings, it is easier to hide, to use small crevices and shelters against the impact of weather, e.g. wind and rain, and to escape predators, to name just a few reasons. The fi tness advantage is so great that wing folding convergently evolved in many separate insect ʻordersʼ (Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera amongst others), using superfi cially different mechanisms. The Dermaptera, Blattodea and Coleoptera were examined in more detail. Included in the comparative study were other, technical and ornamental folded structures such as Origami models. The comparison showed despite very many differences some common features: almost all fold structures consist of Basic Mechanisms, an arrangement of four plates and four folding lines intersecting in one point. In hind wings, resilin is ample; energy is needed to unfold and/or fold the wings and prevents wear at critical locations in the wing. Often the folding lines in the wing are not morphologically differentiated (at least at LM and SEM level), but some specialised structures, typical for taxonomic families and orders do occur. The actual mechanics used in folding and unfolding, respectively, are fundamentally different: Coleoptera use their thoracic muscle to unfold the wing, but the elytra and the abdomen to fold it again. In Dermaptera, the wing is unfolded with the cerci, and folded with intrinsic elasticity stored in the many, strategically placed resilin patches. In Blattodea the wing unfolding is a simple by-product of wing promotion. Technical folded structure such as airplanesʼ wings are comparatively simple, and take advantage of the option to have additional tools & mechanisms for (un-)folding, as well interrupting the structural integrity for a short period of time. So they become unfunctional for a spell, which is no option for biological structures. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31653 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31653 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31653/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31653/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31654 2006-12-01 arthropod-systematics

Structural homology in ribosomal RNA, and a deliberation on POY Kjer,Karl Gillespie,Joseph Ober,Karen Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(2): 159-164 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31654 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31654 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31654/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31654/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31655 2006-12-01 arthropod-systematics

Phylogenetic relationships of the orders of Hexapoda: Contributions from the circulatory organs for a morphological data matrix Pass,Guenther Gereben-Krenn,Barbara-Amina Merl,Monika Plant,John Szucsich,Nikolaus Tögel,Markus Insecta circulatory system accessory pulsatile organs morphology phylogeny cladistic analysis organ evolution. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(2): 165-203 Discussions of phylogenetic studies based on morphological data focus mainly on results of the cladistic analysis while selection and evaluation of characters themselves are often underrepresented. Our paper seeks to address this with a survey of characters of the circulatory organs to contribute to the analysis of phylogenetic relationships of hexapod orders. The survey is based on examination of literature and includes, in addition, numerous unpublished data. Of 38 variable traits of the dorsal vessel and the various accessory circulatory organs, we selected 11 which are potentially informative at supraordinal level. They are critically discussed and coded as characters for use in comprehensive future cladistic analyses employing greater sets of morphological data. It must be stated that many features of circulatory organs for higher systematic categories are still based on one or few species for most orders of hexapods; this defi ciency is due to the great methodological effort required to investigate internal organs. In general, circulatory organs of hexapods are simply organized making it diffi cult to discriminate homology from convergence. In addition to phylogeny, general aspects of the evolution of the circulatory system are outlined. In an appendix we provide comprehensive information on the traits, characters and the species in which they occur. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31655 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31655 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31655/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31655/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.64.e31657 2006-12-01 arthropod-systematics

New species and synonymies of the genus Nacaeus Blackwelder, 1942 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Osoriinae) from the Neotropical Region Irmler,Ulrich New species Neotropics Staphylinidae Osoriinae Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 64(2): 205-216 Four new species of the genus Nacaeus (Staphylinidae: Osoriinae) are described from Central and South America: N. collinatus, N. colombinellus, N. honduranus and N. fl avoelytratus. Another species, N. americanus, is redescribed and transferred from the genus Lispinodes to Nacaeus. A rough overview to three species groups is given and the newly described species are compared in detail with similar species. N. nevermanni (Bernhauer, 1942) is synonymised to N. spegazzini (Bernhauer, 1933) and new records of the species are published. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2006 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.64.e31657 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.64.e31657 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31657/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31657/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.65.e31659 2007-03-28 arthropod-systematics

Neuropeptide Evolution and the Analysis of Phylogenetic Relationships in Blattaria (Hexapoda) Predel,Reinhard Roth,Steffen Insect neuropeptides mass spectrometry CAPA cockroaches Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65(1): 3-6 Mass spectrometric methods were used for the fi rst time to reveal the sequences of peptide orthologs from a large number of insects species, focussing on cockroaches. Sequence data of CAPA peptides (three periviscerokinins, pyrokinin) were obtained from single specimens, which led to the reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. The results are compared with the current grouping of the respective species, based primarily on morphological characteristics. The effi cacy of the mass spectrometric analyses of peptide sequences makes it possible that the described method is suitable to complement morphological and genomic analyses for the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2007 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.65.e31659 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31659 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31659/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31659/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.65.e31661 2007-03-28 arthropod-systematics

Evidence from Mouthpart Structure on Interordinal Relationships in Endopterygota? Krenn,Harald Mouthparts phylogeny evolution Holometabola Endopterygota Insecta Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65(1): 7-14 The mouthpart structures of Endopterygota exhibit an extremely high diversity of form and function, yet they are composed of the same set of homologous components which are derived from arthropod limbs. Mouthpart features are prevalent in all studies of the high-level phylogeny of insects. Areas in which the phylogeny of Endopterygota has remained unresolved over the past decades concern the position of the Strepsiptera, the interrelationships of the orders of the Neuropterida, and the question of the sistergroup to the Siphonaptera. Paying attention to these unresolved internodes, the present review discusses current knowledge of mouthpart features and their value in deciphering the phylogeny of Endopterygota. Comprehensive comparative data for the mouthparts based on morphological studies have yet to be assembled and analysed in Endopterygota and their closest relatives. Providing such data would improve the hypotheses of the phylogeny of Endopterygota and could also contribute to a better understanding of mouthpart adaptation to various food sources. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2007 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.65.e31661 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31661 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31661/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31661/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.65.e31664 2007-03-28 arthropod-systematics

The Contribution of Flight System Characters to the Reconstruction of the Phylogeny of the Pterygota Hörnschemeyer,Thomas Willkommen,Jana Wing base fl ight musculature thorax fl ight Insecta Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65(1): 15-23 The ability to fl y is an important factor for the evolutionary success of insects. Their fl ight apparatus contains numerous sclerites and muscles, which represent valuable characters for phylogenetic analysis. We present a summary of the current state of knowledge on autapomorphies of the fl ight system of high-level taxa of the Pterygota. To date, no formal phylogenetic analysis based on fl ight system characters with the exception of wing venation has been presented. Nevertheless, this review shows that the wing base and the fl ight muscles contain valuable characters that can help to resolve current open questions of phylogenetic relationships among the Pterygota. It also becomes apparent that there are still many taxa without comprehensive descriptions of the wing base morphology. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2007 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.65.e31664 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31664 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31664/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31664/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.65.e31665 2007-03-28 arthropod-systematics

Taxonomic revision of the Anomala cuprascens species group of Sulawesi and the Papuan region: The species with unidentate protibiae (A. chlorotica subgroup) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) Zorn,Carsten Sulawesi Papuan Region Anomala cuprascens-species group A. chlorotica-subgroup taxonomy distribution Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65(1): 25-71 The chlorotica-subgroup (species with unidentate protibiae) of the Anomala cuprascens-group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anomalini) from Sulawesi and the Papuan Region is revised. The cuprascens-group and chlorotica-subgroup are morphologically defined. The chlorotica-subgroup includes 28 species, 18 of which are described as new. The new species are: Anomala madangensis, A. malukana, A. kuekenthali, A. durvillei, A. fergussonensis, A. denticulata, A. irianensis, A. bruggei, A. merkli, A. biakensis, A. butensis, A. ophthalmica, A. sarmiensis, A. toxopei, A. papuensis, A. aruensis, A. sulana, A. tahunensis. The following names are placed in synonymy: A. aeneiventris var. fuscipennis Ohaus, 1915 (= A. aeneiventris Fairmaire, 1883), A. bandarra Ohaus, 1916 (= A. maculicollis Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846), A. resecta Ohaus, 1916 (= A. maculi collis Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846), A. stigmatica Ohaus, 1916 (= A. maculicollis Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846), A. ternatana Lansberge, 1879 (= A. aeruginosa Boisduval, 1835), A. aerea Blanchard, 1851 (= A. aeruginosa Boisduval, 1835). Lectotypes are selected for the nomnal taxa Anomala aeneiventris Fairmaire, 1883, A. pygidialis Kirsch, 1876, A. chlorotica (Guérin-Méneville, 1838), A. maculicollis Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846, A. stigmatica Ohaus, 1916, A. resecta Ohaus, 1916, A. bandarra Ohaus, 1916, A. aerea Blanchard, 1851, A. cassiana Ohaus, 1923. Neotypes are designated for Anomala bousqueti LeGuillou, 1844 and A. aeruginosa Boisd val, 1835. The examination of endophalus structures allows discrimination of species and is indicative of relationships between these species. Descriptions and a key to all taxa treated are included. Figures of the aedeagi and endophalli as well as distribution maps for all taxa are provided. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2007 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.65.e31665 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31665 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31665/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31665/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.65.e31666 2007-03-28 arthropod-systematics

The potential value of the mid-abdominal musculature and nervous system in the reconstruction of interordinal relationships in Lower Neoptera Klug,Rebecca Klass,Klaus Abdomen musculature innervation homology Pterygota Neoptera Embioptera Mantophasmatodea Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65(1): 73-100 The mid-abdominal musculature and its innervation are compared for several lower neopteran “orders”; data on Embioptera and Mantophasmatodea are presented for the fi rst time. For the sclerotisations, the musculature, and the nervous system of the mid-abdomen general descriptions are given, and general aspects of homologisation in these elements are explained; for the lateral muscles the distinction of three groups innervated by the T-, B-, or C-nerves is confi rmed. Differences in the musculature and nervous system of the lower neopteran lineages are discussed and evaluated with regard to their phylogenetic implications. Conditions in Ephemeroptera, Megaloptera, and Zygentoma are partly included in the discussion. Several characters were found to be informative on interordinal relationships. Plecoptera have features probably plesiomorphic at the neopteran level: the origin of nerve A in front of the ganglion and the innervation of intrasegmental lateral muscles by nerve A; this may support the monophyly of a taxon comprising all other Neoptera. The hyperneural muscle found in many Dictyoptera also appears as a uniquely plesiomorphic structure (at the pterygotan level). The co-occurrence of two specifi c lateral muscles supplied by nerve B as well as certain subdivisions in the lateral muscles may support a clade Phasmatodea + Embioptera. We also point to character systems that appear informative on the internal phylogeny of order-level taxa, such as the relationships between nerves T and M in Plecoptera, the ventral musculature in Ensifera, the dorsal musculature in Dermaptera, and details of the hyperneural muscle in Dictyoptera. Besides the very low number of taxa studied so far, major problems still persistent in the use of mid-abdominal characters for phylogenetic work are (1) the insuffi cient knowledge on topographic homologies for the lateral cuticular areas of the mid-abdomen; (2) lacking knowledge on the neuronal structural level of the mid-abdominal nervous system; (3) diffi culties in the homologisation of muscles and nerves between Pterygota and the apterygote Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, which are partly due to the presence of a system of non-cuticular tendons in the latter and limit outgroup comparison for Pterygota. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2007 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.65.e31666 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31666 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31666/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31666/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.65.e31667 2007-03-28 arthropod-systematics

Review of the genus Scantinius Stål with notes on the tribe Parahiraciini Cheng & Yang (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea: Issidae) Gnezdilov,Vladimir Wilson,Mike Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha Issidae Parahiraciini taxonomy synonymy new combination morphology distribution new species. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65(1): 101-108 The tribe Parahiraciini Cheng & Yang, 1991 is discussed and a diagnosis to the tribe and key to the included genera are given. The genus Scantinius Stål, 1866 with type species Scantinius bruchoides (Walker, 1858) is redescribed. Dindinga oculata Distant, 1909 is placed as junior synonym of S. bruchoides. A new species, Scantinius shelfordi sp.n. is describedfrom Northern Borneo and a key to the two species is given. The genus Flavina Stål, 1861 is transferred to the Parahiraciini from the Thioniini Melichar, 1906 and Nilalohita Distant, 1906 is placed in synonymy under it. Prosonoma Melichar, 1906 is placed in synonymy under Bardunia Stål, 1863. The genus Mincopius Distant, 1909 is transferred to the Parahiraciini fromthe Issini Spinola, 1839. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2007 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.65.e31667 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31667 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31667/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31667/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.65.e31668 2007-12-07 arthropod-systematics

The phylogeny of Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) revisited Vilhelmsen,Lars Cercus characters female genitalia gonangulum gonapophysis homology musculature ovipositor phylogeny. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65(2): 111-118 The phylogeny of the parasitic wasp family Orussidae is analyzed with a slightly expanded version of a previously published data set. The basal splitting events in the family between two fossil taxa and the extant members are not unambiguously resolved. Intergeneric relationships in general are poorly supported and change under different analytical conditions. This corroborates earlier findings regarding the phylogeny of the family. A resumé of the evolutionary history of the Orussidae is provided. Leptorussus madagascarensis sp.n. is described. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2007 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.65.e31668 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31668 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31668/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31668/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.65.e31670 2007-12-07 arthropod-systematics

DNA taxonomy: How many DNA sequences are needed for solving a taxonomic problem? The case of two parapatric species of louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae: Ornithomya Latreille, 1802) Petersen,Frederik Damgaard,Jakob Meier,Rudolf Diptera Ornithomya DNA taxonomy DNA barcoding COI species boundaries genetic distance Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65(2): 119-125 Using molecular and morphological data, we investigate the validity of two hippoboscid species, viz. Ornithomya fringillina (Curtis) and O. chloropus (Bergroth) that are parapatric in northern Europe and had previously been synonymized. We study four morphological characters that had been proposed as diagnostic for species separation, but only one, relatively weak character (a gena marking), has discontinuous variation across the putative species. In order to collect more evidence for deciding on the species status, we sequenced an approximately 810 bp long region of COI for 13 specimens from sympatric populations. The signal from the sequences suggests that O. fringillina and O. chloropus are different species because the interspecifi c genetic distances between the taxa are twenty times larger than the intraspecifi c variability of O. fringillina. We argue that even a small number of sequences can yield signifi cant information on taxonomic issues as long as the specimens are predominantly collected for (1) those species/populations whose status is diffi cult to resolve based on morphological information and (2) those specimens that come from sympatric populations of the “problematic” species. (3) We also suggest that the status of a rare species can be adequately addressed with very few sequences as long as the intraspecifi c variability of more common, close relatives have been adequately assessed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2007 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.65.e31670 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31670 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31670/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31670/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.65.e31671 2007-12-07 arthropod-systematics

Cladotypic taxonomy revisited Béthoux,Olivier Taxon taxonomy nomenclature homology polarity isolation Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65(2): 127-133 New propositions are made in order to implement the cladotypic taxonomic system. The term ‘taxon’ designates metapopulation lineages that evolved from a unique metapopulation lineage. In other words, a taxon is composed of a species that experienced a cladogenesis event, and all its descendants. A new formulation for the definition of particular taxa is proposed: a taxon is a species that evolved from the (segments of) metapopulation lineage in which the character state defining character state, as exhibited by species 1 and species 2, has been acquired. An assumption on the polarity of type character states is developed in order to allow the falsifi cation of taxa defined by symplesiomorphies. It is based on a new sense given to ‘adelphospecies’ (or adelpholineage) and to the new concept of ‘amitaspecies’ (or amitalineage). The adelphospecies is understood as the closest sister-species of a taxon T to which the character involved in the definition of T is applicable. As a consequence of the definition of T, the adelphospecies exhibits a character state different from that exhibited by T. The amitaspecies is the closest sister-species of the taxon including T and its adelphospecies. The assumption of polarity takes the form: an amitaspecies can be identifi ed and, regarding the character involved in the definition, it exhibits a character state different from that exhibited by the taxon. Finally a practical version of the isolation assumption is proposed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2007 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.65.e31671 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31671 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31671/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31671/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.65.e31674 2007-12-07 arthropod-systematics

Cladotypic taxonomy applied: titanopterans are orthopterans Béthoux,Olivier Pterygota Archaeorthoptera Orthoptera Titanoptera Titanopterida cladotypic taxonomy adaptation priority ancestor species. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65(2): 135-156 The Linnaean taxon Titanoptera is a distinctive Triassic insect order the origin of which is uncertain. Forewing venation patterns of the Permian Linnaean subfamily Tcholmanvissiinae (Orthoptera) and of the Titanoptera are re-investigated. The comparative analysis supports the view that the morphology of the latter group is derived from that of the former. As a consequence, the order Titanoptera is to be included within the subfamily Tcholmanvissiinae. A cladotypic taxonomy is developed in order to avoid the confusion inherent to taxonomic rearrangements associated with rank-based taxonomy. The following hierarchy is proposed: (Archaeorthoptera nom. Béthoux & Nel, 2002a, dis.-typ.n. (Pantcholmanvissiida nom. n., dis. Béthoux & Nel, 2002b, typ.n. (Tcholmanvissiidae nom. Zalessky, 1934, dis. Sharov, 1968, typ.n. (Tcholmantitanopterida nom.-dis.-typ.n. (Tcholmanvissiella nom. Gorochov, 1987, dis.-typ.n. (Titanopterida nom.-dis.-typ.n. (Gigatitanidae nom. Sharov, 1968, dis. -typ.n.))))))). This fi rst application of cladotypic taxonomy unveiled several practical aspects of this system. A system governing the adaptation of pre-occupied taxon names is developed based on various cases of character state formulations; the issue of the occurrence of Linnaean suffi xes and of the preservation of Linnaean binominals within a cladotypic taxonomy are discussed; the capacity to handle the ancestor ‘species’ vs. apomorphy-less sister-species issue by the various nomenclatural systems is discussed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2007 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.65.e31674 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31674 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31674/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31674/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.65.e31675 2007-12-07 arthropod-systematics

Revision of the New World Dohrniphora Dahl species with hind tibial setae (Diptera: Phoridae) Brown,Brian Kung,Giar-Ann Diptera Phoridae Dohrniphora New World taxonomic revision natural history Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 65(2): 157-237 The New World species of Dohrniphora with one or more large hind tibial setae are revised. Prior to our work, the known fauna consisted of 36 described species, including fi ve that are mostly known from specimens lacking hind tibial setae. Fifty-two new species are described, all from the Neotropical Region. Two names, D. anterosetalis Borgmeier & Prado and D. trudiae Disney, are both considered new synonyms of D. anteroventralis Borgmeier. The Dohrniphora species with hind tibial setae are not considered to be a monophyletic group, but some tentative monophyletic groups within this assemblage are proposed. In particular, a large group of small, yellow species is recognized as the probably monophyletic D. pyricornis group. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2007 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.65.e31675 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.65.e31675 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31675/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31675/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.66.e31676 2008-06-30 arthropod-systematics

A Molecular and Morphological Phylogenetic Analysis of Afrotropical Monolepta Species and Related Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Stapel,Heidi Misof,Bernhard Wagner,Thomas Monolepta Galerucinae Afrotropis molecular phylogeny nuclear ITS2 mitochondrial ND1 morphology. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66(1): 3-17 The phylogenetic status of Afrotropical galerucines was investigated with molecular and morphological analyses. The taxon sample analysed comprised 15 species within Monolepta, three within Afrocandezea, two each within Afrocrania and Barombiella and one Pseudocrania species; all were originally placed in “Monoleptites”. Further galerucines outside the “Monoleptites” are Diacantha sp., Exosoma polita, Exosoma sp., Galerudolphia tenuicornis, and Parasbecesta ruwensorica. The chrysomeline Linaeidea nubila was included as outgroup. 35 morphological characters including 16 characters on genital morphology were analysed. A 540 bp mitochondrial DNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) fragment and the entire second internal transcribed spacer region ITS2 (519–709 bp) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced from 22 and 24 taxa, respectively. Both molecular data sets were characterized by a high average A-T content of 86.4% (ND1) and 62.7% (ITS2). Trees of separate and combined data sets were reconstructed with Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) approaches. The congruent tree topologies of both morphological and molecular data sets strongly support the monophyly of Monolepta, Afrocrania and Afrocandezea with regard to recently revised Afrotropical representatives. Barombiella emerged as polyphyletic, on species showing close relationship to Galerudolphia tenuicornis, which is traditionally placed in the “Scelidites”. “Monoleptites” is most likely polyphyletic since its decisive character, the elongated metatarsus, obviously evolved more than once in the Galerucinae. Understanding of the phylogenetic position and delimitation of the taxa primarily based on morphological characters could be significantly improved by molecular data. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2008 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.66.e31676 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31676 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31676/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31676/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.66.e31678 2008-06-30 arthropod-systematics

The Evolutionary Pathway to Insect Flight - a Tentative Reconstruction Hasenfuss,Ivar Ectognatha Machilidae Lepismatidae jumping dicondyly pleural sclerites wing articulation attitude control gliding flight Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66(1): 19-35 Abstract Studies on non-pterygotan Ectognatha revealed that the construction of the winged Pterygota is based on lepismatid organization and that the first steps of mastering the air were attained already in the common ancestor of Ectognatha by adaptations in the context of jumping which is still retained in Machilidae (Archaeognatha). In these, the terminalfilum and the ectognathan 3-segmented antenna permit attitude control of the body. The acquisition of the mandibular dicondyly led to climbing on vascular plants and exploitation of plant tips as food since the late Silurian. The problems of beginning sustained flight with flapping wings are discussed. A scenario with intermediate gliding and one without gliding are presented. The corresponding parts of the sclerites and muscles of the three subcoxal leg segments found in lepismatids are still recognizable in the pterygotan pterothorax. The wings are composed of the paranota and part of the most basal subcoxal leg segment. It is concluded that wing elongation was impossible without flexing the wings on the back already during early evolution and that the inability to flex the wings is secondary. Wing flexing nearly ab initio was possible by a mechanical switch between the states of flight and non-flight. This led to the neopterous construction of the wing base.  info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2008 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.66.e31678 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31678 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31678/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31678/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.66.e31679 2008-06-30 arthropod-systematics

Evolution of Odonata, with Special Reference to Coenagrionoidea (Zygoptera) Carle,Frank Kjer,Karl May,Michael Odonata Zygoptera Anisoptera Epiophlebia phylogeny RNA Bayesian parsimony Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66(1): 37-44 A phylogeny including 26 families of Odonata is presented based on data from large and small subunit nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs and part of the nuclear EF-1α. Data were analyzed using Bayesian methods. Extant Zygoptera and Anisoptera are monophyletic. The topology of Anisoptera is ((Austropetaliidae, Aeshnidae) (Gomphidae (Petaluridae ((Cordulegastridae (Neopetaliidae, Chlorogomphidae)) ((Synthemistidae, Gomphomacromiidae) (Macromiidae (Corduliidae s.s., Libellulidae))))))). Each of the major groups among anisopterans is well supported except the grouping of Neopeta lia with Chloropetalia. Lestidae and Synlestidae form a group sister to other Zygoptera, and Coenagrionoidea are also monophyletic, with the caveat that Isostictidae, although well supported as a family, was unstable but not placed among other coenagrionoids. Calopterygoidea are paraphyletic and partly polytomous, except for the recovery of (Calopterygidae, Hetaerinidae) and also (Chlorocyphidae (Epallagidae (Diphlebiinae, Lestoidinae))). Support for Epallagidae as the sister group of a clade (Diphlebiinae, Lestoideinae) is strong. Within Coenagrionoidea, several novel relationships appear to be well supported. First, the Old World disparoneurine protoneurids are nested within Platycnemididae and well separated from the protoneurine, Neoneura. The remaining coenagrionids are divided into two well-supported subdivisions. The first includes Pseudostigmatinae, stat. nov., Protoneurinae, a group of coenagrionids mostly characterized by having an angulate frons, and Argiinae (Argia). The second division includes typical Coenagrionidae. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2008 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.66.e31679 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31679 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31679/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31679/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.66.e31681 2008-06-30 arthropod-systematics

The Female Abdomen of Ovipositor-bearing Odonata (Insecta: Pterygota) Klass,Klaus-Dieter Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66(1): 45-142 The exoskeleton and musculature of the middle and posterior abdomen in female Calopteryx virgo are described (segmentsIVff), including parts of the midabdominal nervous system. Based on a sample of 16 species of Odonata with a plesiomor-phic morphology of the ovipositor (various Zygoptera, Epiophlebia, and Aeshnidae) the range of variation in the abdominalexoskeleton is documented, and a preliminary list and table of 79 characters are assembled. Abdominal muscles in Odonataare surveyed based on data from the literature. Topographic homologies between Odonata and other Insecta are discussed,with a focus on the female genitalic region and the terminal abdomen, and with consideration of previous ontogenetic stud-ies. The results are used for including outgroup scorings into the character list for Odonata. Odonata conform with manyNeoptera (e.g., Notoptera, pygidicranid Dermaptera) in the location of the female genital opening between or behind the gonapophyses VIII bases, contrasting with the VIIth-segmental openings in other Neoptera (e.g., Dictyoptera, Ensifera, ‘advanced’ Dermaptera), Archaeognatha, and Zygentoma. The gonangulum in most Odonata consists, like in Archaeognatha and some Dermaptera, of two separate sclerites; this contrasts with the one-piece condition of the gonangulum in other Dicondylia and Epiophlebia. The interpretation of terminal appendages in Odonata as the true cerci is supported by musculature data, and it is shown that previous counter-arguments are invalid. While Epiophlebia is in many characters highly peculiar among Odonata, the abdominal characters provide no resolution for the relationships between Epiophlebia, Zygoptera, and Anisoptera. The monophyly of Zygoptera receives considerable support. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2008 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.66.e31681 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31681 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31681/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31681/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.66.e31682 2008-12-05 arthropod-systematics

Revision and phylogenetic affinities of the lobeattid species bronsoni Dana, 1864 and silvatica Laurentiaux & Laurentiaux-Vieira, 1980 (Pennsylvanian Archaeorthoptera) Béthoux,Olivier Protorthoptera Eoblatta Spanioderidae Miamia Spaniodera Propteticus Anthraconeura cladotypic nomenclature Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66(2): 145-163 The case of the taxonomy of the insect species bronsoni Dana, 1864, yielded from the deposit of Mazon Creek (IL, USA; Westphalian, Pennsylvanian), is investigated. The species contusa Scudder, 1885, infernus Scudder, 1885, clarinervis Melander, 1903, extensa Melander, 1903, indistinctus Melander, 1903, ambulans Handlirsch, 1906, analis Handlirsch, 1906: 700, longicollis Handlirsch, 1911, lata Handlirsch, 1911, elatior Handlirsch, 1911, schucherti Handlirsch, 1911, acutipennis Handlirsch, 1911, parvula Handlirsch, 1911, and angusta Handlirsch, 1911 are considered as junior synonyms of bronsoni. A neotype is designated for this species. The species bronsoni and silvatica Laurentiaux & Laurentiaux-Vieira, 1980 (yielded from the North Coal Basin, France; Westphalian, Pennsylvanian) share the character state ‘in forewings, CuPa fuses with M + CuA’. This character state is used for defining the taxon Miamia nom. DANA 1864, nov. dis.-typ. under cladotypic taxonomy. It is demonstrated that bronsoni and silvatica belong to the taxon Archaeorthoptera nom. Béthoux & Nel, 2002a, dis.-typ. Béthoux 2007e. In particular, these species are closely related to lobeattid insects such as schneideri Béthoux, 2005, a new specimen of which is illustrated. The species bronsoni appears to be one of the most frequent insect species of the Mazon Creek entomofauna. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2008 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.66.e31682 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31682 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31682/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31682/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.66.e31683 2008-12-05 arthropod-systematics

A contribution to the phylogeny of the Ciidae and its relationships with other cucujoid and tenebrionoid beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia) Buder,Gerda Grossmann,Christin Hundsdoerfer,Anna Klass,Klaus-Dieter Cucujiformia Tenebrionoidea Cucujoidea Cleroidea Ciidae Cisidae phylogeny molecular data Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66(2): 165-190 In order to study phylogenetic relationships in Ciidae, test its monophyly, and resolve its position within Cucujiformia, we sampled 20 species from 12 genera of Ciidae (Sphindocis not included), 27 species from 20 other families of Cucujoidea and Tenebrionoidea, 2 species from the cleroid family Trogossitidae (all Cucujiformia), and a bostrichid (Bostrichiformia). We analysed 18S, COI, and – for Ciidae – COII sequences according to maximum parsimony (fi xed alignment with equal and differentiated weighting, and partial direct optimization), maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methodology, all applied to three different subsets of the taxon sample. Saturation curves indicate that 18S, COI, and COII are informative at the systematic levels in question. We demonstrate that the extent to which a particular subgroup is sampled can strongly infl uence the phylogenetic results, even in distant corners of the tree. Ciidae is obtained as monophyletic. We find non-monophyly for the speciose genus Cis, and for Sulcacis. Different analyses suggest either Ropalodontus, or Sulcacis fronticornis + Xylographus + Octotemnus, or Sulcacis fronticornis + Xylographus alone as the sister group of the remaining Ciidae. Apart from a clade Sulcacis fronticornis + Xylographus the results for inter-generic relationships in Ciidae vary strongly with the analytical methods and taxon sampling. Different analyses place Ciidae as sister to Nitidulidae or far basally and isolated in the cucujoid-tenebrionoid assemblage. Regarding the phylogeny of the cucujoid-tenebrionoid assemblage, resolution is mostly confl icting. Yet, monophyly is supported for Sphindidae, Cryptophagidae, Tenebrionidae, Coccinellidae + Endomychidae, and Tetratomidae + Anthicidae + Monotomidae. Altogether, families from Cucujoidea and Tenebrionoidea are fairly mixed up in our trees, and the cleroid Trogossitidae falls within the cucujoid-tenebrionoid assemblage. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2008 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.66.e31683 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31683 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31683/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31683/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.66.e31684 2008-12-05 arthropod-systematics

Phylogeny of the terrestrial Isopoda (Oniscidea): a review Schmidt,Christian Isopoda Oniscidea characters phylogeny review Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66(2): 191-226 Recent hypotheses on the phylogeny of the Oniscidea are summarized. The position of the Oniscidea in the phylogenetic system of the Isopoda is discussed. Within the Oniscidea, phylogenetic relationships are considered mainly down to „family“ level. Well founded monophyletic clades are discussed and unresolved and problematic regions are pointed out. A list of probable autapomorphies is given for each taxon. The knowledge on the fossil record of Oniscidea is reviewed briefly. Finally it is concluded that we need phylogenetic analyses down to species level in order to construe a robust phylogeny hypothesis for higher oniscidean taxa. An indispensable requirement for this is taxonomic revisions. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2008 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.66.e31684 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31684 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31684/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31684/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.66.e31685 2008-12-05 arthropod-systematics

The orb-weaving spider genus Larinia in Australia (Araneae: Araneidae) Framenau,Volker Scharff,Nikolaj Systematics taxonomy new species Larinopa Larinia-group Mangorini Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 66(2): 227-250 Despite some dispute on the validity of the genera in the “Larinia-group” (as defined by Grasshoff in 1970), Larinia Simon, 1874 and Lipocrea Thorell, 1878 have been maintained as separate genera. Our review does not allow sustaining a separation of these two genera in Australia taking into account morphological variability within and between the species. We accept a commonly employed broader concept of Larinia and recognise fi ve Australian species. Larinia montagui Hogg, 1914 (revalidated) is the most common representative of the genus in Australia, with records from all mainland states and many offshore islands. Larinia phthisica (L. Koch, 1871) and L. tabida (L. Koch, 1872) occur sympatrically along the coast in the northern two thirds of Australia, with L. phthisica also being present in South Australia. Larinia jamberoo sp. nov. has been reported from New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria. The synonymy of Larinia delicata Rainbow, 1920, currently only known from Lord Howe Island, with Lipocrea diluta Thorell, 1887 is disputed and the species revalidated. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2008 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.66.e31685 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.66.e31685 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31685/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31685/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31686 2009-06-17 arthropod-systematics

Phylogeny of Branchiopoda (Crustacea) - Character Evolution and Contribution of Uniquely Preserved Fossils Olesen,Jorgen Anostraca Notostraca Conchostraca Laevicaudata Spinicaudata Cyclestherida Cladocera systematics classifi cation larva development. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(1): 3-39 Phylogeny of Branchiopoda (Crustacea) has received intensive attention the last decade and a widely accepted full resolution of the relationships between the major branchiopod taxa is close. Various well-preserved fossil branchiopods (e.g., Castracollis, Lepidocaris, Kazacharthra, Leptodorosida) combine characters from major recent taxa and are therefore necessary for a full understanding of branchiopod phylogeny and evolution. Here is presented a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis of Branchiopoda, which combines recent taxa with the most well-preserved and informative fossils. The analysis results in support of the following clades: Branchiopoda, Sarsostraca (= Anostraca + Lepidocaris), Phyllopoda, Calmanostraca (= Kazacharthra + Notostraca), an unnamed clade consisting of Castracollis and Calmanostraca, Diplostraca, an unnamed clade consisting of Spinicaudata and Cladoceromorpha, Spinicaudata, Cladoceromorpha, Cladocera, and Gymnomera. The character support for all clades is presented, which provides a basis for a discussion of aspects of branchiopod evolution. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31686 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31686 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31686/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31686/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31687 2009-06-17 arthropod-systematics

Branchiura (Crustacea) - Survey of Historical Literature and Taxonomy Møller,Ole Crustacea Branchiura Argulus Dolops Chonopeltis Dipteropeltis review Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(1): 41-55 The Branchiura (carp lice) is a small group of parasitic Crustacea found mainly on freshwater fish comprising the four genera Argulus, Dolops, Chonopeltis and Dipteropeltis. The earliest descriptions of “carp lice” dates back to 10th century China, and several descriptions were made in the beginning of the “modern age” of Zoology beginning in the 18th century. However, the last genus to be described was Dipteropeltis as late as in 1912. While a few species like Argulus foliaceus, A. japonicus and Dolops ranarum are fairly well-known, most Branchiura species remain more or less uninvestigated. As the literature is far spread and often hard to access, this survey aims to give an overview of the most important available historical literature on morphology, and systematics / nomenclature in a chronological order for each of the four genera, to the hopeful benefit of Branchiura researchers. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31687 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31687 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31687/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31687/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31688 2009-06-17 arthropod-systematics

The Circulatory System in Malacostraca - Evaluating Character Evolution on the Basis of Differing Phylogenetic Hypotheses Wirkner,Christian Vascular system heart morphology phylogeny Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(1): 57-70 The circulatory system is one of the major organ systems in Malacostraca. As no consensus on malacostracan phylogeny exists it becomes necessary to evaluate different phylogenetic hypotheses for their impact on circulatory system evolution. Four prevailing hypotheses were therefore used to map different circulatory system characters. The comparison shows that the length of the heart, i.e. the position of the anterior and posterior borders of the heart, changed extensively within malacostracan taxa. However, a general back shift of at least the anterior border from more anterior positions is feasible. A pattern of ostial evolution is not discernable as both an increase and a decrease in the number of pairs of ostia took place. A segmental arrangement is seen as the plesiomorphic condition. Cardiac artery patterns, i.e. the spatial arrangement of cardiac arteries along the heart, changed within malacostracans from a pattern of segmentally arranged arteries to localized patterns. A descending artery, a mostly unpaired artery in the posterior thorax connecting the dorsal and the ventral vessel, evolved only once within Malacostraca. In a second step the general plausibility of the four alternative hypotheses in the explanation of circulatory system characters was evaluated through the calculation of homoplasy indices (HI). A comparison of HI values challenges the only molecular phylogeny compared, while all other morphology-based hypotheses perform almost equally well. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31688 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31688 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31688/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31688/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31689 2009-06-17 arthropod-systematics

Eumalacostracan Evolution: Conflict between Three Sources of Data Wills,Matthew Jenner,Ronald Dhubhghaill,Ciara Eumalacostraca total evidence fossils modifi ed gap excess ratio stratigraphic congruence Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(1): 71-90 There is no consensus on the inter-ordinal relationships of eumalacostracans, despite the recent synthesis of several morphological matrices with data from four molecular markers. Signals from different molecules confl ict with each other, and all are conspicuously at odds with morphology. Can fossils help to resolve the problem? Here, we utilize palaeontological data in two ways. Firstly we coded a selection of fossil taxa into our morphological matrix, and assessed their impact upon inferred phylogeny relative to that of their living counterparts (fi rst order jackknifing). This revealed that our morphological tree is very sensitive to the precise taxon sample (a problem that must be addressed in future studies), but that our fossil groups were not disproportionately infl uential. Secondly, we asked whether the order in which groups appear in the fossil record provides a means to choose between competing trees. The congruence between morphological and stratigraphic signals was extremely weak and non-signifi cant in most cases, precluding the use of fossil dates in this way. Many trees imply ghost ranges of duration near the theoretical maximum, and worse than for the majority of other animal groups so far investigated. An incomplete fossil record and fragile/weakly-supported trees combine with considerable molecular rate heterogeneity to make the Eumalacostraca extremely poorly suited to molecular clock studies. Future insights into their phylogeny are likely to come from the development of new molecular markers, as well as hard-won data on internal anatomy and ultrastructure. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31689 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31689 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31689/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31689/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31690 2009-06-17 arthropod-systematics

Stomatopod Interrelationships: Preliminary Results Based on Analysis of three Molecular Loci Ahyong,Shane Jarman,Simon Hoplocarida Stomatopoda molecular phylogeny Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(1): 91-98 The mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda) are quintessential marine predators. The combination of powerful raptorial appendages and remarkably developed sensory systems place the stomatopods among the most effi cient invertebrate predators. High level phylogenetic analyses have been so far based on morphology. Crown-group Unipeltata appear to have diverged in two broad directions from the outset – one towards highly effi cient ‘spearing’ with multispinous dactyli on the raptorial claws (dominated by Lysiosquilloidea and Squilloidea), and the other towards ‘smashing’ (Gonodactyloidea). In a preliminary molecular study of stomatopod interrelationships, we assemble molecular data for mitochondrial 12S and 16S regions, combined with new sequences from the 16S and two regions of the nuclear 28S rDNA to compare with morphological hypotheses. Nineteen species representing 9 of 17 extant families and 3 of 7 superfamilies were analysed. The molecular data refl ect the overall patterns derived from morphology, especially in a monophyletic Squilloidea, a monophyletic Lysiosquilloidea and a monophyletic clade of gonodactyloid smashers. Molecular analyses, however, suggest the novel possibility that Hemisquillidae and possibly Pseudosquillidae, rather than being basal or near basal in Gonodactyloidea, may be basal overall to the extant stomatopods. In this context, it is signifi cant that in many respects, hemisquillids resemble the stem-lineage condition more so than any other extant forms. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31690 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31690 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31690/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31690/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31691 2009-06-17 arthropod-systematics

The Decapod Tree of Life: Compiling the Data and Moving toward a Consensus of Decapod Evolution Bracken,Heather Toon,Alicia Felder,Darryl Martin,Joel Finley,Maegan Rasmussen,Jennifer Palero,Ferran Crandall,Keith Decapoda crustaceans molecular phylogeny tree of life mitochondrial gene nuclear gene ribosomal protein-coding Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(1): 99-116 The order Decapoda represents a species-rich group of crustaceans. Numerous economically important and morphologically diverse members of this group have been studied extensively for many decades, in part to understand their phylogeny. There are several competing hypotheses concerning relationships among the major lineages of Decapoda. Our laboratories are estimating a robust decapod phylogeny based on molecular and morphological data in an attempt to resolve relationships among major lineages. The order includes roughly 175 families and more than 15,000 described species (extant and extinct). Interpretations are complicated by the estimated 437 million years since origin of the Decapoda, with all the major lineages likely established by 325 million years ago. Constructing a molecular phylogeny across such a timescale requires markers with enough variation to infer relationships at the fine scale (at and within the family level) but which are conservative enough to refl ect deeper divergences across infraorders. Here we present a molecular phylogeny for the order Decapoda, combining nuclear and mitochondrial sequences, to investigate relationships among nine pleocyemate infraorders, one dendrobranchiate superfamily, 56 families, 113 genera, and 128 species. New and available sequence data are assembled to build the most extensive decapod phylogeny to date both in terms of taxon representation and genetic coverage. We discuss current and new hypotheses of decapod relationships and suggest a plan for the movement towards a consensus of decapod evolution. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31691 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31691 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31691/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31691/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31692 2009-08-25 arthropod-systematics

Recent advances and conflicts in concepts of anomuran phylogeny (Crustacea: Malacostraca) Lemaitre,Rafael Mclaughlin,Patsy Anomura phylogenetic relationships modern concepts confl icts review Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(2): 119-135 In the debate over phylogenetic relationships within the Decapoda that has raged for more than a century, the Anomura has been the source of many “confl icts”, including disagreements over which taxa belong in this morphologically diverse infraorder, and even what name is appropriate (Anomura or Anomala). The Anomura currently includes 17 families, 222 genera, and about 2,469 species, although 54% of the genera and 43% of the species are paguroids. A number of studies have summarized the traditional as well as recent concepts of the infraorder that were based on morphology. This review addresses modern studies on systematics of this group over the last two decades that have been based on molecular as well as morphological data, and which have continued to add controversy to concepts of anomuran phylogeny. The landmark study by C.W. Cunningham and co-workers (published in ‘Nature’ in 1992), proclaiming that molecular data confi rmed the traditional hypothesis on the evolution of king crabs from hermit crabs, was the catalyst for several studies on anomuran evolution that followed, and is the starting point of this review. Modern studies are divided as follows, and discussed: 1) morphological, larval and molecular phylogenies exclusively of the Paguroidea and/or Anomura; 2) spermatologically derived phylogenies; 3) information from the fossil record; 4) phylogenetic assessments of anomuran taxa included in general decapod analyses; and 5) auxiliary information pertaining to the Paguroidea in general, and Pylochelidae in particular. These studies have made useful contributions to understanding the “big picture” of anomuran relationships but they also have limitations. It is concluded that the Anomura remains today as much a source of discord as it was a century ago, and “confl icts” in analyses will continue to cloud the landscape until more basic, complete information is gathered for all members of this intriguing and varied infraorder. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31692 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31692 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31692/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31692/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31693 2009-08-25 arthropod-systematics

Tanaidacean phylogeny - the second step: the basal paratanaoidean families (Crustacea: Malacostraca) Bird,Graham Larsen,Kim Phylogenetic analysis Tanaidacea plesiomorphic Tanaidomorpha Tanaissuidae Teleotanaidae Restricted taxa analysis Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(2): 137-158 Phylogenetic relationships between the basal (or less derived) families in the tanaidacean superorder Paratanaoidea are examined and their monophyly tested using evidence derived from external morphology. With the genus Zeuxoides from the superfamily Tanaidoidea as outgroup, monophyly is confi rmed for the Paratanaidae, Pseudotanaidae, Pseudozeuxidae, and Typhlotanaidae. The subfamily Teleotanainae is raised to family status to accommodate the genus Teleotanais. The monophyly of Leptocheliidae s.str. is accepted but several taxa are not included, neither is monophyly verifi ed for Heterotanainae and Leptocheliinae. Nototanaidae appears to be polyphyletic and is split into Nototanaidae s.str. and Tanaissuidae fam. nov. Cryptocopidae is recognized but with exclusion of the Iungentitanainae; otherwise, this family is left for later analysis, including more derived taxa. Protanaissus, Leptochelia, Pseudoleptochelia and Pseudonototanais all appear to be non-monophyletic and will need revisions, while Antiplotanais, Grallatotanais, Metatanais, and Tangalooma are considered ‘fl oating’ taxa, albeit close to existing family-level clades. Initial attempts to include the derived tanaidacean families proved inconclusive and this suggests that limited phylogenetic analyses of the Paratanaoidea are necessary. We here suggest a revised method – the ‘Restricted taxa analysis’ – for resolving diffi cult datasets of the ‘many-taxa-few-characters’ type. This study should be regarded as a platform for more comprehensive analyses and systematic conclusions for the Tanaidacea. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31693 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31693 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31693/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31693/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31696 2009-08-25 arthropod-systematics

The phylogenetic position of the Isopoda in the Peracarida (Crustacea: Malacostraca) Wilson,George Malacostraca Peracarida Isopoda phylogeny combined analysis small subunit rDNA morphology terminology dynamic homology direct optimisation Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(2): 159-198 The sister group to the isopod crustaceans remains a controversial proposition. Previous studies have used idealised composite taxa or few exemplars, resulting in confl icting assertions about the placement of the Isopoda among the Malacostraca. A recent morphological study argued for an Amphipoda-Isopoda clade, whereas a molecular study using SSU rDNA (18S) data found other relationships. Within isopods, the morphologically-specialised Phreatoicidea are generally regarded as the earliest-derived taxon, based on their fossil record and several published cladograms. These hypotheses were tested using 18S sequences and 202 morphological characters from 75 exemplars (52 isopods and 23 other malacostracans). The partitions were analysed separately and combined, and the sequence data were analysed using dynamic homology. To find the best sequence substitution, insertion-deletion and gap insertion costs, scores based on finding accepted monophyletic taxa were used to select the optimal parameters. Separately and combined, both partitions rejected the Amphipoda-Isopoda clade hypothesis. The 18S analysis placed the phreatoicideans high in the tree, rather in a basal position. The morphological analysis found a basally branching Phreatoicidea-Asellota group. The combined analysis found an Apseudomorpha (Tanaidacea) + Isopoda clade, with Phreatoicidea still well separated from the isopod ancestral root. The parasitic subgroups of the Cymothoida (families Cymothoidae and Gnathiidae, and superfamily Bopyroidea) comprised the basal branch of the isopods, which is a novel hypothesis that argues against the monophyly of the suborder Cymothoida. The 18S data alone are inadequate at this phylogenetic level and the combined data provided novel hypotheses that require additional evidence from detailed morphological studies and DNA markers for confi rmation. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31696 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31696 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31696/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31696/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31697 2009-08-25 arthropod-systematics

Evolution of morphology, ontogeny and life cycles within the Crustacea Thecostraca Hoeg,Jens Pérez-Losada,Marcos Glenner,Henrik Kolbasov,Gregory Crandall,Keith Phylogeny parasitology metamorphosis sessility larval biology nauplius cyprid Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(2): 199-217 We use a previously published phylogenetic analysis of the Thecostraca to trace character evolution in the major lineages of the taxon. The phylogeny was based on both molecular (6,244 sites from 18S rna, 28S rna and H3 genes) and 41 larval morphological characters with broad taxon sampling across the Facetotecta (7 spp.), Ascothoracida (5 spp.), and Cirripedia (3 acrothoracican, 25 rhizocephalan and 39 thoracican spp.). Morphological apomorphies are identifi ed in larval morphology for almost all major branches within the Thecostraca. Characters from the cypris larva provide a long suite of apomorphies for the Cirripedia and reinforce the concept that this larva was a prerequisite to the tremendous success of that taxon. The evolution of parasitism, obligatory in three major taxa, is discussed. We conclude that the last common ancestor to the Cirripedia was most likely a suspension feeder, and the advanced metamorphosis and endoparasitism known from the Rhizocephala and strongly indicated for the Facetotecta are the result of convergent evolution. We also discuss reproductive systems, which range from separate sexes, over hermaphrodites combined with a separate male sex (androdioecy), to pure hermaphroditism. It is concluded, as envisaged by Darwin, that the Thecostraca provide excellent opportunities for studying the evolution of a wide range of complex life history traits which can now be better analyzed and understood in a robust phylogenetic framework. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31697 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31697 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31697/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31697/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31698 2009-08-25 arthropod-systematics

Cirripede cleavage patterns and the origin of the Rhizocephala (Crustacea: Thecostraca) Scholtz,Gerhard Ponomarenko,Ekaterina Wolff,Carsten Cell division gastrulation phylogeny evolution of development parasitism Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(2): 219-228 Several aspects of phylogenetic relationships among barnacles (Cirripedia) are still unresolved. One of the contentious issues is the position of the parasitic Rhizocephala. In most molecular phylogenies Rhizocephala are resolved as sister group to a monophyletic Thoracica. However, since Rhizocephala are morphologically highly derived there is not a single morphological character supporting this view. Here we present data on the early cleavage patterns and the gastrulation of two rhizocephalan species. Based on our results and data from the literature we suggest that early cleavage and gastrulation indicate a monophyletic group comprising the thoracican Iblomorpha and the Rhizocephala. This renders thoracicans paraphyletic with respect to Rhizocephala. Based on this, we develop a new hypothesis for the origin of parasitism in the rhizocephalan stem lineage starting with parasite-like dwarf males of an iblomorph-like ancestor which already had the ability to penetrate the surface of a host animal – originally conspecifi c females, but later the decapod, probably a pagurid, host. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31698 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31698 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31698/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31698/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31699 2009-08-25 arthropod-systematics

Exopodites, epipodites and gills in crustaceans Boxshall,Geoff Jaume,Damià Comparative anatomy limb structure musculature Crustacea Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(2): 229-254 The structure of the outer parts of the maxillae and post-maxillary limbs is compared across the major crustacean groups. New anatomical observations are presented on the musculature of selected limbs of key taxa and general patterns in limb structure for the Crustacea are discussed. Exopodites vary in form but are typically provided with musculature, whereas epipodites and other exites lack musculature in all post-maxillary limbs. Within the Crustacea, only the Myodocopa possesses an epipodite on the maxilla. New evidence from developmental genetics, from embryology, and from new Palaeozoic fossils is integrated into a wider consideration of the homology of exites (outer lobes). This evidence supports the homology of the distal epipodite of anostracan branchiopods with the epipodite-podobranch complex of malacostracans. The evidence for the homology of pre-epipodites across the Crustacea is less robust, as is the evidence that the possession of a proximal pre-epipodite and a distal epipodite is the ancestral malacostracan condition. The widely assumed homology of the peracaridan oostegite with the pre-epipodite is questioned: little supporting evidence exists and possible differences in underlying control mechanisms need further exploration. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31699 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31699 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31699/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31699/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31702 2009-08-25 arthropod-systematics

Early crustacean evolution and the appearance of epipodites and gills Maas,Andreas Haug,Carolin Haug,Joachim Olesen,Jorgen Zhang,Xiguang Waloszek,Dieter Arthropoda Crustacea limbs exopod epipodite gill osmoregulation respiration phylogeny Orsten Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(2): 255-273 Epipodites are structures on the outer edges of crustacean appendages serving as gills or for osmoregulation. Their evolutionary origin has been debated for a long time. Three major issues are of relevance: 1) the function of epipodites, 2) their development, and 3) the fossil record. While it has long been a problem to distinguish the gill and osmoregulatory functions of epipodites histologically, this has recently become possible based on ultrastructure. A respiratory function has particularly been claimed for the limbs or parts of limbs of early arthropod fossils. Not only rami and cuticular structures, but also entire appendages, have been referred to as “gills”. Among living taxa, the opisthosomal limbs of limulids are called gills or gill limbs, although the numerous leaf-like gill structures occur only on the posterior side of the exopods. It has long been known that crustacean exopods do not serve a respiratory function, which is restricted to structures along the outer proximal edge of the limbs. Three-dimensionally preserved fossil crustaceans from the ‘Orsten’ have contributed much to our understanding of the evolution and phylogeny of Crustacea, in particular limb evolution. The recently discovered Yicaris dianensis from the Lower Cambrian demonstrates not only the presence but also the morphogenesis of three epipodites on all post-maxillulary appendages. Yicaris dianensis may therefore be a valuable model for understanding the evolutionary origin of epipodites, not least since comparative morphology demonstrates that epipodites show a large plasticity among living eucrustacean taxa and may not even be homologous. Epipodites are discussed here in the light of 1) other putative respiratory and osmoregulatory structures in other ‘Orsten’ taxa, 2) morphological and functional variations of epipodites in living eucrustaceans, and 3) the discovery of two new species of ‘Orsten’ eucrustaceans, also showing evidence of three epipodites. This contribution aims to provide a guide for further investigations on the evolution of crustacean epipodites. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31702 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31702 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31702/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31702/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31703 2009-08-25 arthropod-systematics

Advances in crustacean phylogenetics Richter,Stefan Møller,Ole Wirkner,Christian Evolutionary morphology phylogenetics classifi cation Tetraconata Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(2): 275-286 150 years after Darwin’s ‘Origin of Species’ and 100 years after W.T. Calman’s infl uential treatment on crustacean morphology and classifi cation, crustacean phylogenetics remains an active, exciting and controversial fi eld of research. An international symposium held from 7th–11th October 2008 at the University of Rostock attempted to summarize the latest developments. Molecular evidence suggests that crustaceans are paraphyletic with regard to the hexapods, though a few potential apomorphies of Crustacea can still be named. If Crustacea do turn out to be paraphyletic, the name should disappear from formal classifi cations, as simply including hexapods in the group would be tantamount to ignoring the different research histories. Nevertheless, ‘crustaceans’ will remain a colloquial term and crustaceanology (carcinology) an important fi eld of research. Within crustaceans, Branchiopoda and Malacostraca are well supported monophyla. While the internal phylogeny of Branchiopoda seems almost to be settled, it is still highly controversial within Malacostraca, in particular with regard to the peracarid taxa. The same can be said of the Decapoda. It remains uncertain whether the Maxillopoda is monophyletic, and while the monophyly of the Thecostraca is well supported, the origin of Rhizocephala remains enigmatic. Advances have been made in applying molecular systematic techniques to almost all crustacean taxa, but morphological research has also moved on. New morphological techniques provide new insights in our understanding of evolutionary transformations. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31703 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31703 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31703/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31703/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.67.e31705 2009-08-25 arthropod-systematics

Corrections to earlier issues Buder,Gerda Grossmann,Christin Hundsdoerfer,Anna Klass,Klaus-Dieter Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67(2): 287-287 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2009 Corrigenda text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.67.e31705 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.67.e31705 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31705/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31705/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31707 2010-02-28 arthropod-systematics

Simultaneous analysis and the origin of eusociality in the Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) Pickett,Kurt Carpenter,James Polistes Polybia Eumeninae solitary wasps social wasps congruence direct optimization Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(1): 3-33 A review of the literature concerning the phylogenetics of the Vespidae is presented. We also present a new phylogenetic analysis of the Vespidae based on what is by far the largest taxon sample to include molecular data, and the largest phenotypic character dataset ever compiled. Relationships among the subfamilies are Euparagiinae + (Masarinae + (Eumeninae + (Stenogastrinae + (Polistinae + Vespinae)))), with all the subfamilies monophyletic. A single origin of eusociality is thus supported. Our results empirically supersede all previous treatments and should be the preferred scaffold of the family for studies of social behavior. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31707 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31707 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31707/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31707/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31713 2010-02-28 arthropod-systematics

Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Neotropical Thepytus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) Robbins,Robert Busby,Robert Duarte,Marcelo Andes Beatheclus biological control colonization of lowlands implied weighting Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(1): 35-52 The Neotropical lycaenid hairstreak genus Thepytus Robbins and its eight species are revised. Species treatments summarize nomenclature, distribution, habitat, behavior, and diagnostic traits, as well as noting why each species is considered distinct under a biological species concept. An identifi cation key for males and a checklist are included. Beatheclus Bálint & Dahners new synonym is synonymized with Thepytus, and Thepytus beatrizae (Bálint & Dahners) is a new combination. Other nomenclatural actions include the description of Thepytus jennifer Busby & Robbins new species, Thepytus nancyana Busby & Robbins new species, and Thepytus carmen Robbins & Duarte new species. A lectotype is designated for Thecla thyrea Hewitson, 1867, to ensure stability of this name. A phylogenetic analysis based on 22 coded morphological characters yields one equal weight most parsimonious 39-step tree. Implied weighting does not change the tree topology. Unambiguous changes in elevation optimized on the cladogram show that a montane lineage of Thepytus colonized the lowlands in at least one instance. The use of T. echelta (Hewitson) as a biological control agent for Psittacanthus (Loranthaceae) is discussed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31713 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31713 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31713/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31713/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31714 2010-02-28 arthropod-systematics

A jumping cockroach from South Africa, Saltoblattella montistabularis, gen. nov., spec. nov. (Blattodea: Blattellidae) Bohn,Horst Picker,Mike Klass,Klaus Colville,Jonathan Jumping cockroach leaproach Blattodea Blattellidae new genus new species Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(1): 53-69 A jumping cockroach (Saltoblattella montistabularis) from Table Mountain, Cape Town, South Africa, is described. The new genus is defined, the characteristics of the species are thoroughly described with particular emphasis on unusual morphological adaptations for jumping. These include dramatic elongation of hind femur and tibia and enlargement of hind femur. The femur ventrally has a longitudinal groove for reception of the tibia during extreme fl exure prior to a jump. The euplantulae have unusual surface papillae which may assist landing after a jump. Further modifi cations from the standard cockroach design probably related to jumping locomotion are hemispherically-protruding compound eyes and a second point of articulation for the fi rst antennal segment. The hook of the male phallomeres is on the left, and the female does not rotate the ootheca prior to deposition. The exact position of the genus within the family Blattellidae is not clear; it is preliminarily placed in Blattellinae. The species and its jumping adaptations are compared with another recently discovered, but extinct jumping ‘cockroach’. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31714 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31714 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31714/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31714/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31716 2010-02-28 arthropod-systematics

Structural features of eggs of the basal phasmatodean Timema monikensis Vickery & Sandoval, 1998 (Insecta: Phasmatodea: Timematidae) Jintsu,Yoshie Uchifune,Toshiki Machida,Ryuichiro Timema Timematidae Phasmatodea Embioptera egg structures Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(1): 71-78 Structural features of the eggs of a basal phasmatodean, Timema monikensis Vickery & Sandoval, 1998 (Timematidae) were examined. The eggs of this species are soft and deposited coated with soil and/or other extraneous particles. The chorion, which is transparent and weakly sclerotized, is composed of an endochorion and an exochorion. The non-inclined operculum is located at the anterior pole of the egg. The chorion in the marginal region of the operculum is thinned to form an opercular collar together with the chorion of the egg body. An inverted triangular micropylar plate is on the ventral side of the egg attached to the opercular collar. The micropylar plate is without external differentiations but is specialized inside the chorion. A single micropyle, with a simple funnel-shaped chorionic opening, occurs on either side of the micropylar plate. The posterior mound, located at the posterior pole, is a thickened chorion rich in fine vertical striations, and the serosal cuticle beneath is thickened and highly specialized. The eggs of Timematidae were characterized and compared with those of Euphasmatodea and Embioptera. A phylogenetic discussion is presented, strongly supporting the assemblage of Timematodea, Euphasmatodea and Embioptera as monophyletic. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31716 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31716 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31716/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31716/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31717 2010-02-28 arthropod-systematics

Systematics of the new Australasian orb-weaving spider genus Backobourkia (Araneae: Araneidae: Araneinae) Framenau,Volker Dupérré,Nadine Blackledge,Todd Vink,Cor Eriophora Acroaspis Australia New Zealand New Caledonia sexual size dimorphism SSD male dwarfi sm cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 COI remote diagnostics Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(1): 79-111 Backobourkia, a new Australasian genus of orb-weaving spider (family Araneidae Clerck, 1758) is proposed with Backobourkia heroine (L. Koch, 1871) as type species. Two other species are included in the genus: B. brounii (Urquhart, 1885) comb. nov. (here removed from synonymy with B. heroine) and B. collina (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov. (= Araneus reversus Hogg, 1914, new synonymy). A phylogenetic analysis places Backobourkia within the ‘coxal hook clade’ of the subfamily Araneinae Clerck, 1758 and close to Eriophora Simon, 1864; however, Backobourkia differs from other Australasian Araneinae by the proposed synapopomorphy of a long fl ange at the base of the median apophysis in males. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) supports the monophyly of Backobourkia in a limited dataset that includes exemplars of Australasian Araneidae and Eriophora ravilla (C.L. Koch, 1844) (type species of Eriophora Simon, 1864). Backobourkia brounii and B. heroine are sister taxa in this analysis. Backobourkia collina is unusual within the genus and amongst most Araneinae as it displays extreme sexual size dimorphism (SSD), with females on average more than four times the size of males. Comparison with the other two Backobourkia species (and other Araneinae) suggests male dwarfi sm rather than female gigantism for this SSD. Some morphological differences of B. collina males to its congeners are evident, possibly due to its reduced size. These include characters of putative phylogenetic signal at the genus level such as eye position, shape of male pedipalp sclerites and the absence or presence of endite teeth or coxal hooks. Backobourkia species are common throughout Australia, with B. heroine more prevalent in the western and B. brounii in the eastern parts of the country. Backobourkia collina is mainly found throughout the arid regions. Backobourkia brounii is also found in New Zealand and B. heroine in New Caledonia. Araneus felinus (Butler, 1876), originally described as ‘Allied to E. heroine’, is here considered a nomen dubium as the type specimen appears to be lost and an accurate identifi cation based on the original description is not possible. The New Zealand Eriophora decorosa (Urquhart, 1894) is transferred to Acroaspis Karsch, 1878, A. decorosa (Urquhart, 1894) comb. nov. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31717 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31717 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31717/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31717/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31718 2010-02-28 arthropod-systematics

Revision of the new Australian wolf spider genus Kangarosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae) Framenau,Volker Taxonomy new species Trochosa Australasia Gondwana Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(1): 113-142 The new Australian wolf spider genus Kangarosa is revised to include ten species: Kangarosa alboguttulata (L. Koch, 1878) comb. nov., K. focarius sp. nov., K. ludwigi sp. nov., K. nothofagus sp. nov., K. ossea sp. nov., K. pandura sp. nov., K. properipes (Simon, 1909) comb. nov. (= Trochosa tristicula phegeia (Simon, 1909) new synonymy) (type species), K. tasmaniensis sp. nov., K. tristicula (L. Koch, 1877) comb. nov., and K. yannicki sp. nov. The presence of a basoembolic apophysis and the apicad orientation of the tegular apophysis in the male pedipalp identify Kangarosa as member of the subfamily Artoriinae Framenau, 2007. Kangarosa differs from all other artoriine genera by the distinct shape of the tegular apophysis, which forms an elongated hook. The female epigyne has a simple, shallow atrium that extends into a posterior lip. Kangarosa is a typical representative of the Bassian fauna as its representatives occur in the southeastern Australian mainland states, Tasmania and in southwest Western Australia. Here, members of the genus are commonly found in mesic areas, for example along watercourses and in swampy areas, although some species appear to prefer forested habitats. Male pedipalp morphology suggests close affinities of Kangarosa to Tetralycosa Roewer, 1960 in a clade that also includes Diahogna Roewer, 1960 and potentially a further undescribed Australian artoriine genus. Kangarosa is of Gondwanan origin and all but one species are restricted to eastern Australia suggesting the genus diversifi ed after an aridifi cation of Australia in the late Tertiary provided a barrier for dispersal between the eastern and western temperate regions. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31718 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31718 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31718/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31718/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31719 2010-02-28 arthropod-systematics

Taxonomy and the mediocrity of DNA barcoding - some remarks on Packer et al. 2009: DNA barcoding and the mediocrity of morphology Hołyński,Roman Barcoding basic research morphological data taxonomy Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(1): 143-150 The paper is a reaction to that published by PACKER et al. (2009, Molecular Ecology Resources 9, Suppl.1: 42–50), depreciating the value of traditional – especially morphological – data in taxonomical studies as “mediocre” and boosting instead the simplistic ‘barcoding’ procedures as “obviously effi cient”. Having explicitly stated my – as a ‘traditional’ taxonomist – ‘decalogue’, I show that accusation of “lust for monopolization of knowledge” and “vociferous hostility” towards the adherents of an alternate approach is glaringly misdirected by PACKER et al. and in fact fi ts much better the attitude of ‘barcoders’ themselves; while point-by-point evaluation of the arguments and examples set forth by them allowed to refute both their main claims and confi rm once again that morphological data, far from being accusable of “mediocrity”, still usually (some special situations excepted) provide the most reliable source of evidence for taxonomic conclusions, whereas simplistic ‘barcoding’ is obviously ineffi cient in basic research (as opposed to some practical applications) and thence unqualified for the role of anything more than occasional preliminary ‘proxy’. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31719 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31719 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31719/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31719/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31721 2010-02-28 arthropod-systematics

A method for improving DNA yield from older specimens of large Lepidoptera while minimizing damage to external and internal abdominal characters Hundsdoerfer,Anna Kitching,Ian Genitalia preparation systematic characters morphology molecular Sphingidae Hyles Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(1): 151-155 The external and internal genitalia of Lepidoptera have long provided a wealth of taxonomic and phylogenetic characters. However, traditional genitalia preparation techniques destroy both DNA, which is increasingly being used in Lepidoptera phylogenetics and species discrimination, and the scale pattern of the abdomen. In this paper, we describe a procedure for extracting both DNA for sequence analysis and genitalia from large Lepidoptera while retaining the surface scaling of the abdomen and, by permitting reattachment of the empty but still scaled abdomen, the general appearance of the specimens. Specimens both before and after the procedure has been undertaken are illustrated. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31721 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31721 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31721/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31721/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31724 2010-06-22 arthropod-systematics

Taxonomic revision and biogeography of Micraglossa Warren, 1891 from laurel forests in China (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Scopariinae) Li,Weichun Li,Houhun Nuss,Matthias Lepidoptera Scopariinae new species China biogeography Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(2): 159-180 Micraglossa Warren, 1891 is investigated from China, where this genus approaches its northernmost occurrence. Specimens were available from 48 Chinese localities, and additional material from nearby countries has been investigated in order to analyse the distribution of the species. Altogether, 620 individuals (351PP, 269OO) were investigated. As a result, ten species of Micraglossa are now recorded from China. Four of them are described as new from China: M. michaelshafferi sp.n. (also from Thailand), M. zhongguoensis sp.n. (also from Vietnam), M. nana sp.n. (also from Vietnam) and M. beia sp.n. Two species, M. fl avidalis Hampson, 1907 and M. beia sp.n. are known only from China. Three species originally described from India and one species originally described from Japan are now recorded for the fi rst time from other countries: M. straminealis (Hampson, 1903) from China and Nepal, M. aureata Inoue, 1982 from China, M. oenealis Hampson, 1897 from Nepal and M. scoparialis Warren, 1891 from Pakistan, Nepal and Vietnam, the latter two were previously recorded from China. M. manoi Sasaki, 1998, originally described from Taiwan, is now recorded for the fi rst time from continental China as well as from Nepal. All species are described in detail and keys for their identifi cation are provided, separately for males and females. Wing pattern and male and female genitalia are illustrated for all species. Lectotypes are designated for M. straminealis and M. oenealis. Mapping the Chinese records of Micraglossa against climate data illustrates that frost below a mean minimum temperature of the coldest month (January) of -10°C is not tolerated. Therefore, the northern limit of distribution of this taxon is marked by the -10°C isotherm. We discuss the link between Micraglossa and the laurel and oreotropic forests in Asia, and to a larval feeding habit in cushions of mosses and liverworts. Further local research is necessary to identify biotic and abiotic requirements for the occurrence of Micraglossa species more precisely. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31724 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31724 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31724/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31724/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31725 2010-06-22 arthropod-systematics

In search of the sister group of the true lice: A systematic review of booklice and their relatives, with an updated checklist of Liposcelididae (Insecta: Psocodea) Yoshizawa,Kazunori Lienhard,Charles Liposcelididae booklice Psocoptera Phthiraptera parasitic lice phylogeny Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(2): 181-195 The taxonomy, fossil record, phylogeny, and systematic placement of the booklouse family Liposcelididae (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’) were reviewed. An apterous specimen from lower Eocene, erroneously identified as Embidopsocus eocenicus Nel et al., 2004 in the literature, is recognized here as an unidentified species of Liposcelis Motschulsky, 1852. It represents the oldest fossil of the genus. Phylogenetic relationships within the family presented in the recent literature were re-analyzed, based on a revised data matrix. The resulting tree was generally in agreement with that originally published, but the most basal dichotomy between the fossil taxon Cretoscelis Grimaldi & Engel, 2006 and the rest of the Liposcelididae was not supported. Monophyly of Liposcelis with respect to Troglotroctes Lienhard, 1996 is highly questionable, but the latter genus is retained because of lack of conclusive evidence. Paraphyly of Psocoptera (i.e., closer relationship between Liposcelididae and parasitic lice) is now well established, based on both morphological and molecular data. Monophyly of Phthiraptera is questionable, but support for the ‘Polyphyly of Lice Hypothesis’ is still not definitive. A checklist of valid names of all presently recognized Liposcelididae taxa (10 genera, 200 species) is also included with information on their geographical distribution. Because monophyly of the subfamily Embidopsocinae is highly questionable, we list the genera alphabetically without adopting the usual subdivision into two subfamies. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31725 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31725 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31725/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31725/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31728 2010-06-22 arthropod-systematics

Revision and phylogenetic systematics of the Neotropical Ceratomerinae (Insecta: Diptera: Empidoidea: Brachystomatidae) Sinclair,Bradley Empidoidea Brachystomatidae Ceratomerus Neotropics Chile Ecuador Argentina Bolivie Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(2): 197-228 Thirteen Neotropical species of Ceratomerus, including nine new species (C. apterus, C. argutus, C. comarapa, C. hibbsi, C. irramus, C. longicornis, C. masneri, C. paraconnexus, C. penai) are described and illustrated. One of these species, C. apterus, from Ecuadorian páramo above 4000 m, lacks wings and has reduced halteres. A preliminary phylogeny of the genera and species groups of the Ceratomerinae is presented, with a discussion of the generic concept of Ceratomerus Philippi. A provisional biogeographic hypothesis of this Gondwanan lineage is discussed. Significant relationships include the Southern Gondwana Pattern, the Inverted Southern Pattern and the Neotropical C. paradoxus group evolved within the Australian C. campbelli group, illustrating both an intra-generic and intercontinental pattern. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31728 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31728 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31728/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31728/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31729 2010-06-22 arthropod-systematics

A new genus of Osoriinae in the Neotropical Region with a cladistic analysis of the tribe Thoracophorini (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) Irmler,Ulrich New species new genus Neotropics cladistic analysis. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(2): 229-237 The new genus Arborilispinus from the Neotropical region is described. Although further undescribed species of this genus exist in South America, only two species, A. longulus and A. mirabilis, are here described based on male specimens from the Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon rainforest. According to the tarsal formula 4,4,4, Arborilispinus should be placed in the subtribe Glyptomina of the tribe Thoracophorini. A morphology-based cladistic analysis, however, contradicts the existing classification of Thoracophorini into subtribes. Alternative systematic relationships among the Neotropical genera of Glyptomina and Thoracophorina suggested by the cladistic analysis are discussed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31729 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31729 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31729/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31729/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31730 2010-06-22 arthropod-systematics

The morphology and evolution of the adult head of Adephaga (Insecta: Coleoptera) Dressler,Carina Beutel,Rolf Adephaga Trachypachidae Haliplidae Aspidytidae Amphizoidae adephagan ground plan cladistic analysis head morphology Geadephaga Hydradephaga Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(2): 239-287 The adult head of representatives of different adephagan families – aquatic, semiaquatic and terrestrial – were examined and compared. External and internal structures were described and documented in detail for the genera Trachypachus (Trachypachidae), Haliplus (Haliplidae), Amphizoa (Amphizoidae) and the recently discovered Aspidytes (Aspidytidae). A list of characters of potential phylogenetic relevance was compiled and the data matrix combined with the large data set of thoracic and abdominal features for different life stages. The cladistic analysis of this comprehensive data matrix of 138 characters for 16 taxa covering all adephagan families led to one most parsimonous tree. The monophyly of the Geadephaga (Trachypachidae + Carabidae) is strongly supported. The Gyrinidae are the sistergroup of all remaining adephagan beetles. The Meruidae are sister to the Dytiscoidea and both together form the sistergroup of the Haliplidae. The sistergroup relationship of Aspidytidae and Amphizoidae is confirmed. The placement of Meruidae is impeded by the lack of larval characters. It may change when information on structural features of immature stages becomes available. The Trachypachidae, a small relict family with its greatest diversity and distribution in the early Mesozoic, probably come close to the last common ancestor of the Adephaga in the structural features of the adult head. They share structural similarities with the aquatic Dytiscoidea and the terrestrial Carabidae. It is hypothesized that the common ancestor of Adephaga had a relatively unspecialised head morphology and was a predator, possibly with a preference for a riparian habitat. Adaptations for an aquatic environment evolved at least two times and possibly even three times independently. Within these lineages a great diversity of different life styles developed such as the highly specialised surface gliding Gyrinidae, the hygropetric Aspidytidae, the strongly miniaturised Meruidae or the algophagous Haliplidae. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31730 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31730 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31730/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31730/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31731 2010-11-03 arthropod-systematics

Review of the genus Micropoltys (Chelicerata: Araneae: Araneidae) Smith,Helen Levi,Herbert Araneinae taxonomy new species indonesia Papua New Guinea Australia Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(3): 291-307 The araneid genus Micropoltys Kulczyński, 1911 was originally described based on a single female specimen from western New Guinea. Three new species of the genus are reported here, M. baitetensis from eastern New Guinea, M. debakkeri from New Guinea and Cape York, and M. heatherae from north-eastern Australia and islands in the Torres Strait. No further specimens of Micropoltys placenta, the type species, have been discovered and this species is redescribed from the type female. Phylogenetic relationships of Micropoltys are briefly discussed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31731 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31731 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31731/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31731/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31733 2010-11-03 arthropod-systematics

Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of the genus Cetiocyon and its discovery in the Neotropical region (Insecta: Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Fikácek,Martin Short,Andrew Hydrophilidae Megasternini Cetiocyon new species Australian Region Neotropical Region Gondwana disjunct distribution phylogeny taxonomy. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(3): 309-329 The hydrophilid genus Cetiocyon Hansen (Sphaeridiinae: Megasternini) is diagnosed and revised, resulting in the fi rst record of the genus in the Neotropical Region and recognition of eight species in New Guinea. One new species, Cetiocyon incantatus new species, is described from Suriname, and four new species from the central mountain range of New Guinea: Cetiocyon cribripunctatus new species, Cetiocyon hebaueri new species, Cetiocyon riedeli new species, and Cetiocyon traipela new species. Four previously described species are redescribed: Cetiocyon goliathus (Huijbregts, 1984), Cetiocyon hanseni Hebauer, 2001, Cetiocyon loksai Hebauer, 2001, and Cetiocyon papuensis (d'Orchymont, 1924). An identifi cation key is included for all recognized species, along with photographs and illustrations of relevant morphological characters. A phylogenetic analysis based on 34 morphological characters supports the monophyly of the genus and its Australian – New Guinean origin, and suggests its close relationships to the New Guinean genus Platycyon Hansen and New Guinean species of Pelosoma Mulsant. Three distinctive lineages have been recognized within Cetiocyon, two represented by New Guinean species, the third by the Neotropical one. Possible reasons for the disjunct distribution of the genus are discussed, along with remarks about the composition of the Megasternini fauna in New Guinea. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31733 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31733 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31733/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31733/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.68.e31734 2010-11-03 arthropod-systematics

First Alaocybites weevil (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) from the Eastern Palaearctic: a new microphthalmic species and generic relationships Grebennikov,Vasily Weevils Curculionidae Raymondionymidae Alapcybites microphthalmy leaf litter Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 68(3): 331-365 The genus Alaocybites (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea), previously consisting of two eyeless Californian species, is for the fi rst time reported from the East Palaearctic Region. A new microphthalmic species, A. egorovi sp.n., is described from Primor-sky Kray, the Far East of Russia. An early Late Pliocene Alaskan weevil fossil previously attributed to the molytine genus Otibazo is assigned to Alaocybites and found almost undistinguishable from A. egorovi sp.n. Results of preliminary phylo-genetic analyses aimed to clarify phylogenetic affinities of Alaocybites are found controversial and inconclusive. The uncer-tainties of the contemporary classifi cation of orthocerous weevils are briefl y discussed. Alaocybites is provisionally retained in Raymondionymidae, with the absence of tarsomere IV on each leg being the family's most plausible apomorphy. Mono-phyly, geographical distribution and internal relationships of Raymondionymidae are briefl y discussed and compared with other predominantly Mediterranean groups of eyeless beetles. External and genital morphological characters of edaphic weevils with reduced eyes habitually resembling, or thought to be related to, Alaocybites are extensively illustrated. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.68.e31734 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.68.e31734 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31734/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31734/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.69.e31735 2011-03-25 arthropod-systematics

Revision of the maculata-group of Phyllodromica: species from Central Europe (Insecta: Blattodea: Blattellidae: Ectobiinae) Bohn,Horst Chládek,František maculata-group Phyllodromica Blattodea Blattellidae Ectobiinae new species new synonym wing tegmen tergal gland Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 69(1): 3-54 The Central European species of the maculata-group of Phyllodromica are revised comprising six known species (Phyllodromica chladeki, P. harzi, P. hungarica, P. maculata, P. marani, and P. transylvanica) and three new species (P. latipennis from Slovakia and Hungary, P. halterisignata and P. variabilis from Romania). A short characterization of the group is given and all species are described and depicted with their main characteristics; the geographic distribution of the species is shown on several maps; determination keys allow the identifi cation of males and females. P. dobsiki has turned out to be a junior synonym of P. hungarica. Similarly, the name Blatta maculata Schreber, 1781, is most likely a junior synonym of Blatta schaefferi Goeze, 1778; the authors propose to consider schaefferi as a nomen dubium and to retain maculata as the valid name. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2011 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.69.e31735 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.69.e31735 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31735/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31735/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.69.e31737 2011-03-25 arthropod-systematics

Molecular and morphological phylogeny of European Udea moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) Mally,Richard Nuss,Matthias Pyraloidea Spilomelinae Udea Europe species groups phylogeny morphology coxI wingless. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 69(1): 55-71 Udea Guenée, 1845, comprising more than 200 species, predominantly occurs in temperate Eurasia and the New World, with few representatives on the southern continents of the Old World. We present a fi rst phylogenetic analysis for the genus, mainly based on European species. We applied Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony approaches to a combined dataset of coxI (1,415 bp) and wingless (363 bp) sequences as well as morphological characters. The analysis of the concatenated dataset partitions with Bayesian inference yielded a hypothetical tree with 26 well supported (posterior probability ≥ 0.95) monophyla. A clade including the genera Deana, Mnesictena and Udeoides from the southern continents of the Old World is found as sister group to Udea. European Udea species do not form a monophyletic group in itself. There are four monophyla found within European Udea, the ferrugalis, itysalis, alpinalis, and numeralis species groups. These are well supported by molecular and morphological data. According to morphology, all four species groups have representatives also in other parts of the Holarctic region. Our data support the hypothesis that all Udea species endemic to oceanic islands in the Atlantic and Pacifi c belong to the ferrugalis group and all those endemic to the European Alps to the alpinalis group. Our data imply that the ancestors of two island species (Udea azorensis, U. delineatalis) have colonised the respective islands via ocean surface currents. Altogether, we are able to place 54 of the 213 described Udea species into species groups. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2011 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.69.e31737 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.69.e31737 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31737/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31737/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.70.e31749 2011-04-05 arthropod-systematics

Revision of the New World species of the genus Leptogenys Roger (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) Lattke,John Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70(1): 71-71 Correction info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2011 Corrigenda text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.70.e31749 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.70.e31749 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31749/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31749/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.69.e31739 2011-07-21 arthropod-systematics

Notes on mating and oviposition of a primitive representative of the higher Forficulina, Apachyus chartaceus de Haan (Insecta: Dermaptera: Apachyidae) Shimizu,Shota Machida,Ryuichiro Apachyus chartaceus Apachyidae Dermaptera higher Forficulina mating oviposition rearing egg structures. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 69(2): 75-81 Mating, oviposition, and selected details of the egg surface in the basalmost clade of the higher Forficulina, Apachyidae, were described, using Apachyus chartaceus (de Haan, 1842) as a representative. The mating of A. chartaceus is of the endtoend type with the partners being dorsoventrally reversed. Throughout copulation, the male tightly holds the female’s postabdomen using his forceps. This manner of mating is unique in Dermaptera, likely autapomorphic to Apachyidae, and perhaps correlated with life under bark. The eggs of A. chartaceus have an adhesive substance, by which they attach to the substratum; this is also found in basal Forficulina but is uniquely plesiomorphic for higher Forficulina. A. chartaceus does not show intensive maternal care; this is overall a secondary condition or may be accidentally caused under rearing, while the absence of some aspects of brood care (especially transport of eggs) is more likely plesiomorphic. Apachyus thus shows a mixture of unique apomorphic features and features that are uniquely plesiomorphic for higher Forficulina. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2011 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.69.e31739 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.69.e31739 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31739/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31739/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.69.e31742 2011-07-21 arthropod-systematics

Reproductive biology and postembryonic development in the basal earwig Diplatys flavicollis (Shiraki) (Insecta: Dermaptera: Diplatyidae) Shimizu,Shota Machida,Ryuichiro Dermaptera Forficulina Diplatyidae Diplatys reproductive biology mating egg deposition egg tooth maternal brood care postembryonic development. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 69(2): 83-97 Based on captive breeding, reproductive biology including mating, egg deposition and maternal brood care, and postembryonic development were examined and described in detail in the basal dermapteran Diplatys flavicollis (Shiraki, 1907) (Forficulina: Diplatyidae). The eggs possess an adhesive stalk at the posterior pole, by which they attach to the substratum. The mother cares for the eggs and offspring, occasionally touching them with her antennae and mouthparts, but the maternal care is less intensive than in the higher Forficulina. The prelarva cuts open the egg membranes with its egg tooth, a structure on the embryonic cuticle, to hatch out, and, simultaneously, sheds the cuticle to become the first instar. The number of larval instars is eight or nine. Prior to eclosion, the final instar larva eats its own filamentous cerci, with only the basalmost cercomeres left, and a pair of forceps appears in the adult. The present observations were compared with previous information on Dermaptera. The adhesive substance is an ancestral feature of Dermaptera, and the adhesive stalk may be a characteristic of Diplatyidae. The attachment of the eggs and less elaborate maternal brood care are regarded as plesiomorphic in Dermaptera. The number of larval instars in D. flavicollis (eight or nine) is remarkably larger than that in the higher Forficulina (generally four or five) and also exceeds that in another representative of basal Dermaptera or Pygidicranidae (six or seven). The largest number of larval instars among Dermaptera having been found in D. flavicollis confirms the perception of Diplatyidae being very primitive earwigs. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2011 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.69.e31742 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.69.e31742 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31742/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31742/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.69.e31743 2011-07-21 arthropod-systematics

The phylogenetic and geographic limits of Leptodirini (Insecta: Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae), with a description of Sciaphyes shestakovi sp.n. from the Russian Far East Fresneda,Javier Grebennikov,Vasily Ribera,Ignacio Sciaphyes shestakovi sp. n. Platycholeus Fusi Leptodirini Siberia Russia phylogeny subterranean environment Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 69(2): 99-123 The tribe Leptodirini of the beetle family Leiodidae is one of the most diverse radiations of cave animals, with a distribution centred north of the Mediterranean basin from the Iberian Peninsula to Iran. Six genera outside this core area, most notably Platycholeus Horn, 1880 in the western United States and others in East Asia, have been assumed to be related to Leptodirini. We studied recently collected specimens of three of these extraterritorial genera, namely Platycholeus, Fusi Perkovsky, 1989 and Sciaphyes Jeannel, 1910, and establish their phylogenetic relationships by analysing a combination of ca. 5 Kb of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences with Bayesian Probability and Maximum Likelihood methods. Our results corroborate the previously proposed hypothesis that Platycholeus is the sister group of the remaining Leptodirini, with an estimated age of vicariant separation compatible with the breaking of the Thulean bridge between the Nearctic and the Western Palaearctic in the Early Eocene. We refute close relationship of either Fusi or Sciaphyes to Leptodirini, with the former genus appearing more closely related to Cholevini, and the latter to Anemadini and warranting a separate tribe, Sciaphyini, in agreement with recent treatments. This phylogenetic position of Sciaphyes is in agreement with a parsimony analysis of 28 morphological characters of a representative sample of Cholevinae subgroups. We describe one of the studied Sciaphyes species as S. shestakovi sp. n. and indicate its remarkable morphological differences from its congeners. We hypothesise that the remaining three extraterritorial monotypic genera of “Leptodirini”, namely Proleptodirina Perkovsky, 1998, Sinobathyscia Perreau, 1999 and Coreobathyscia Szymczakowski, 1975 are unlikely to be closely related to the tribe, which probably has its easternmost geographical limits at Zagros and Alborz (= Elburz) mountains in Iran. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2011 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.69.e31743 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.69.e31743 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31743/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31743/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.69.e31744 2011-12-07 arthropod-systematics

Revision of the New World species of the genus Leptogenys Roger (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) Lattke,John Ants taxonomy identifi cation neotropical diversity Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 69(3): 127-264 The New World species of the genus Leptogenys are revised based upon their external morphology. The genus is present from southern U.S.A. to northern Argentina, including the Caribbean and Galapagos Islands. Eighty-one species are recognized, 13 are synonymized, and 49 are described as new. The New World fauna can be divided into 12 informal species groups and 8 species considered incertae sedis. A phylogeny using morphology recovers L. linearis as sister to the rest of the New World taxa, besides existence of a basal polytomy and two large clades. Reproduction is mostly through ergatoid queens, with gamergate reproduction apparently only present in several taxa outside of the pusilla clade, while winged queens are present only in 3 species of the pusilla clade. The African tramp species L. maxillosa is also present. Most species dwell in humid forested areas, but there are several arid zone endemics. Most species are specialist predators of oniscomorph isopods. There is no evidence for army ant behavior in the New World species. The generic diagnosis and a key for the identification of the workers is included, as well as illustrations of all the known New World species. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2011 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.69.e31744 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.69.e31744 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31744/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31744/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.70.e31746 2011-12-19 arthropod-systematics

The adult head morphology of Dascillus (L.) (Dascilloidea: Dascillidae) and Glaresis Erichson (Scarabaeoidea: Glaresidae) and its phylogenetic implications Anton,Eric Beutel,Rolf Head adults mouth parts musculature Dascillidae Glaresidae Elateroidea Scarabaeoidea Staphyliniformia. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70(1): 3-42 External and internal structures of the adult head of Glaresis sp. and Dascillus cervinus are described in detail and compared with conditions found in other polyphagan representatives such as Rhipicera sp. and members of Staphyliniformia and Elateroidea. The structures examined do not support a clade Scarabaeoidea + Dascilloidea. No potential synapomorphic features of the head could be identifi ed. In Dascillus a very unusual confi guration of mouthparts is described for the fi rst time, notably the inframandibular antepipharynx. This complex apomorphic feature was also found in members of different groups of Elateroidea s.l., but not in other potentially related lineages. This suggests a possible monophylum ‘Elateroidea s.l. incl. Dascilloidea’. Additional new arguments for such clade are: characteristic scale-like setae on the galea and ligula; a ventrally expanded and bipartite foramen occipitale; a sclerotized tub-shaped prepharyngeal suspensorium; an epipharyngeal surface uniformly covered with microtrichia; similarly shaped mandibles with a concave ventral surface. Characteristics of Dascillus are the presence of a M. verticopharyngalis (plesiomorphic), the presence of two muscles of the posterior hypopharyngeal suspensorium, and bifurcate galeomeres II and ligular lobes. New arguments for a clade ‘Staphyliniformia incl. Scarabaeoidea’ are presented. The most important are the following: presence of a ‘craniobasimaxillary’ muscle; articulation of antennal club segments strongly excentric on outer margin of segments; distal club segment with characteristic sensory pouch; scapus with long bristle- or peg-like setae; ligula separated into a pair of oval shaped and anteriorly setiferous sclerites. Possible autapomorphies of Scarabaeoidea are the following: anterior part of clypeus projecting and covering the labrum; anterior clypeal margin concave and with a transverse row of trichia on its frontal or ventral surface; gula large, rectangular and strongly bulged; inner mandibular edge deeply interrupted by semimembranous lobe. Additionally, a revised terminology of head musculature is newly introduced for Coleoptera. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2011 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.70.e31746 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.70.e31746 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31746/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31746/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.70.e31747 2012-03-12 arthropod-systematics

Grylloptera - a unique origin of the stridulatory fi le in katydids, crickets, and their kin (Archaeorthoptera) Béthoux,Olivier Orthoptera Ensifera Archaeorthoptera alignment parsimony transformation type feminization cladotypic nomenclature. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70(1): 43-68 Topographic homology conjectures (= THCs) of male forewing venation in extant ensiferan orthopterans (crickets, katydids, and their kin) and their close stem-relatives are re-evaluated, in order to test competing hypotheses on the origin(s) of the fi le (a row of teeth located on the ventral side of the forewing and used in stridulation). A new set of THCs (= STHC) is proposed, based on morphological data on the species †zeuneri Sharov, 1968, obscura Walker, 1869, monstrosa Uhler, 1864, †madygenicus Sharov, 1968: p. 181, grandidieri de Saussure, 1877: p. 287, bimaculatus de Geer, 1773, villosiceps Chopard, 1951, frontalis Walker, 1869, gryllotalpa Linnaeus, 1758, vicinus Scudder, 1869, and cantans Fuesslin, 1775. This STHC is compared to that proposed by Desutter-Grandcolas (2003) and is found to require a smaller amount of transformation to explain the observed morphologies. The favoured STHC implies that the stridulatory fi le is located along the same vein in all scrutinized taxa (viz. CuPb). Current phylogenetic hypotheses cannot rule out that the fi le was acquired once only. Furthermore, multiple losses explain the observed distribution more plausibly than multiple acquisitions of a complex structure. A new type of wing venation transformation is evidenced, referred to as tracheal un-capture. It involves a vein abandoning its usual course for another, and leaving a remnant of its previous course, in the form of a cross-vein-like structure (‘phantom vein’). The taxon Grylloptera is defined under cladotypic nomenclature, and is the lineage in which the character state ‘on ventral side, right and/or left forewings with a row of teeth (‘fi le’) located along CuPb’, as exhibited by viridissimus Linnaeus, 1758: p. 430 and campestris Linnaeus, 1758: p. 428, has been acquired. Type material is designated. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.70.e31747 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.70.e31747 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31747/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31747/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.70.e31751 2012-03-19 arthropod-systematics

An extreme case of epitoky in an Australian Collembolon: Isotopenola perterrens sp.n. (Hexapoda: Collembola: Isotomidae) Greenslade,Penelope Potapov,Mikhail Sexual dimorphism revegetation cyclomorphosis ecomorphosis reproductive cycle. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70(2): 85-94 Isotopenola perterrens sp.n. is described from a 40 year old Eucalyptus plantation in Victoria, Australia, and its occurrence in an adjacent site of remnant native vegetation is reported. Fully adult males are armed with numerous strong spine-like macrochaetae on lateral parts of head and body tergites and with fields of long bristles on latero-ventral and ventral areas of abdomen. Antennae of epitokous males are of normal shape but bear thickened chaetae. This is the second and most extreme case of epitoky recorded in the genus. The occurrence of sexual dimorphism, of which epitoky is a subset, is summarised for Australian Collembola. Environmental factors that appear to facilitate successful recolonisation of native fauna onto revegetated sites in Australia are proposed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.70.e31751 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.70.e31751 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31751/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31751/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.70.e31750 2012-08-27 arthropod-systematics

A new Epiophlebia (Odonata: Epiophlebioidea) from China with a review of epiophlebian taxonomy, life history, and biogeography Carle,Frank Epiophlebia Rheoepiophlebia extinction biogeography living fossil. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70(2): 75-83 Epiophlebia diana sp.n. is described from larval specimens collected in the mountains of western Sichuan Province, China. Epiophlebian taxonomy, life history, and biogeography are reviewed, and keys provided for determination of the knownadults and larvae of Epiophlebia Calvert, 1903. Classification of Epiophlebia is revised as follows: Epiophlebia s.str. with E. superstes (Selys, 1889) type species and E. sinensis Li & Nel, 2012; and Rheoepiophlebia subgen.n. with E. laidlawiTillyard, 1921 type species and E. diana sp.n.. Behavioral, ecological and paleontological information is also evaluated and members of Epiophlebia acknowledged to have inhabited small high elevation streams of the east Palaearctic for possibly180 million years. Likely reasons are proposed for the enduring survival of Epiophlebia, its lack of a fossil record and the extinction of related groups. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.70.e31750 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.70.e31750 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31750/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31750/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.70.e31752 2012-09-28 arthropod-systematics

New evidence on the mechanics of wing unfolding in Dermaptera (Insecta) Haas,Fabian Hwen,Justin Tan Chek Tang,Hung Dermaptera Forficulidae Spongiphoridae flight wing unfolding cerci biomechanics behaviour resilin. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70(2): 95-105 The wing unfolding in Dermaptera is re-analysed for two species, Auchenomus sp. (Spongiphoridae) and Timomenus lugens (Bormans, 1894) (Forficulidae), based on several digital movie sequences made in the earwigs’ natural environment. The frames were separated and numbered sequentially to establish the time line of unfolding and (where available) folding. It is shown that the steps described earlier in contributions of the first author are confirmed, with the exception of the drivers. It has been assumed that the cerci are essential to unfold the wings. The current contribution clearly shows that this is not the case in all species: the wings can be unfolded without involvement of any other body part. In all examined sequences the wing packages are unfolded without any involvement of the cerci. Thus the Dermaptera are heterogeneous in this respect and this new finding is discussed in a behavioural and phylogenetic context. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.70.e31752 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.70.e31752 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31752/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31752/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.70.e31757 2012-09-28 arthropod-systematics

First evidence of aggressive chemical mimicry in the Malagasy orb weaving spider Exechocentrus lancearius Simon, 1889 (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae) and description of a second species in the genus Scharff,Nikolaj Hormiga,Gustavo Systematics taxonomy bolas spiders spider webs silk Madagascar. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70(2): 107-118 The araneid genus Exechocentrus Simon, 1889 and its type species Exechocentrus lancearius were originally described based on a single female specimen from Madagascar, which was missing the abdomen. The first complete adult specimen, a female, of Excechocentrus lancearius was collected in 2000. A second adult female of Excechocentrus sp. was discovered in 2009, about 300 km away from the first locality. We redescribe the neotype of Exechocentrus lancearius and describe the second adult female as Exechocentrus madilina new species. We also report some observations on the natural history of Exechocentrus lancearius, including photographs of its highly modified foraging web, which provide indirect evidence of aggressive chemical mimicry. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.70.e31757 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.70.e31757 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31757/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31757/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.70.e31758 2012-09-28 arthropod-systematics

The phylogeny of the Neuropterida: long lasting and current controversies and challenges (Insecta: Endopterygota) Aspöck,Ulrike Haring,Elisabeth Aspöck,Horst Neuropterida Raphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Nevrorthiformia Hemerobiiformia Myrmeleontiformia phylogeny systematics. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70(2): 119-129 Despite numerous efforts to establish a sound phylogeny of Neuropterida and to trace their position within the tree of Endopterygota these questions up to now still appear far from being solved. The evidence for the sister group relationships among the three orders of Neuropterida is contradictory (i.e., Raphidioptera as sister group of Megaloptera + Neuroptera versus Neuroptera as sister group of Megaloptera + Raphidioptera) and recently even the monophyly of Megaloptera was challenged. Also the phylogenetic relationships among neuropteran families deduced from various studies differ basically in all aspects concerning the number and composition of suborders as well as the basal dichotomies. The morphology based division of Neuroptera into the three suborders Nevrorthiformia, Myrmeleontiformia and Hemerobiiformia with the latter two being sister groups is not recovered by molecular but also some morphology based analyses – as all of them lack monophyletic Hemerobiiformia. Possible methodological problems contributing to this lack of unambiguous resolution of the phylogeny of Neuropterida are sequence saturation, lack of information in DNA marker sequences, incomplete taxon sampling and data matrices, as well as – concerning morphological characters – convergence and interpretation of ambiguous character polarity. The phylogenetic relationships of Neuropterida and their position within Endopterygota are of interest with respect to the reconstruction of character evolution and the evolution of life styles of the larvae (terrestrial in Raphidioptera, aquatic in Megaloptera and in two families of Neuroptera). info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.70.e31758 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.70.e31758 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31758/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31758/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.70.e31760 2012-10-29 arthropod-systematics

New data on the Blattogryllidae-Plesioblattogryllidae-Grylloblattidae complex (Insecta: Grylloblattida: Blattogryllopterida tax.n.) Cui,Yingying Grylloblattodea Blattogryllopterida tax.n. Duoduo qianae gen.n. et sp.n. Grylloblattidae tarsus postabdomen familial classification Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70(3): 167-180 The taxon Blattogryllopterida tax.n., whose distinctive character is ‘in forewing, M + CuA splitting into MA and MP + CuA’ (as opposed to ‘into M and CuA’), is erected to make possible a taxonomic assignment of isolated grylloblattidan wings which cannot be conclusively assigned either to the Blattogryllidae or the Plesioblattogryllidae. Material of two blattogryllopteridan species collected from the Daohugou locality (Middle Jurassic; Northeast China) is described. The limited available data on the species Plesioblattogryllus minor Ren & Aristov, 2011 are complemented by descriptions of four wellpreserved specimens, some exhibiting variation in wing venation. Duoduo qianae gen.n. et sp.n. is erected on the basis of an isolated wing. Characters useful for the identification of members of the families Blattogryllidae and Plesioblattogryllidae as well as characters possibly linking these taxa with the extant Grylloblattidae are discussed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.70.e31760 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.70.e31760 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31760/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31760/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.70.e31759 2012-11-05 arthropod-systematics

Detecting the basal dichotomies in the monophylum of carrion and rove beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Silphidae and Staphylinidae) with emphasis on the Oxyteline group of subfamilies Grebennikov,Vasily Newton,Alfred Trigonurinae Apateticinae Piestinae Oxyporinae Osoriinae Scaphidiinae taxonomy phylogeny classification morphology. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70(3): 133-165 Carrion beetles (Silphidae) and rove beetles (Staphylinidae, including Scaphidiinae, Pselaphinae and Scydmaeninae) form a well supported and exceptionally species-rich clade with nearly 58,000 described Recent species (of them Silphidae constitute0.3%). The presently accepted classification implies a sister-group relationship between these families. The enormous clade of Staphylinidae, if indeed monophyletic, has its basal-most dichotomies inadequately hypothesized. We analysed 240parsimony-informative larval and adult morphological characters for 34 terminals of carrion (3) and rove beetles (31) and rooted the obtained topologies on Neopelatops (Leiodidae). The most fully resolved topologies from the combined datasetconsistently suggest that carrion and rove beetles are indeed monophyletic sister-groups. Two ancient species-poor rovebeetle subfamilies (Apateticinae with two genera in the eastern Palaearctic, and the monogeneric Holarctic Trigonurinae)branch off as a clade from the rest of Staphylinidae, rather than with members of the Oxyteline Group. Subsequent dichotomies of the staphylinid main clade remain obscure. A newly redefined and monophyletic Oxyteline Group is formed byScaphidiinae + (Oxytelinae + Osoriinae + Piestinae), the last subfamily paraphyletic with respect to the previous two, which are monophyletic. The Oxyteline Group and the earlier detected monophyletic Omaliine and Staphylinine Groups form threemain subdivisions within the rove beetles. Their interrelationships, as well as those with the possibly monophyletic Tachyporine Group (which includes the mega-diverse Aleocharinae), form the main unresolved questions in basal Staphylinidaephylogeny. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.70.e31759 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.70.e31759 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31759/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31759/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.70.e31761 2012-12-14 arthropod-systematics

Uropods of Eumalacostraca (Crustacea s.l.: Malacostraca) and their phylogenetic significance Kutschera,Verena Maas,Andreas Waloszek,Dieter Pleopods phylogenetic systematics morphology basipod endopod exopod pleon. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70(3): 181-206 The uropods are the specialised sixth pair of pleopods of eumalacostracan Crustacea. Their quite variable morphology is suggestive of a good potential as a phylogenetic signal. Because uropods have hitherto been neglected in analyses of malacostracan phylogeny, we examined them in 11 representative species of Eumalacostraca and the sixth pleopods of a phyllocarid malacostracan for outgroup comparison. Uropods have apparently evolved in the stem species of Eumalacostraca, possibly being leaf-shaped in the ground-pattern state but already with stabilising carinae along their surface and marginal setae enlarging the effective surface of the rami. Functionally, uropods aid in locomotion and, within the taxon Caridoida, also add to the special tail-flip mechanism. From an original leaf-shaped design in adaptation to different functions and lifestyles uropods may have become rod-shaped, as in Bathynellacea, Cumacea and Amphipoda, but independently so in the first taxon, while this shape might have developed in a common stem species of the latter two, inter alia. Among the taxa that have retained the leaf shape, mysidacean uropods possess a basipod that is drawn out medio-proximally into an outgrowth; Lophogastrida have a triangular median keel there. The uropods of both Euphausiacea and Decapoda also have a laterodistal prolongation, while those of Decapoda are special in bearing a longitudinal median keel on their basipod. All these differences appear to be exclusive to the respective higher taxa, demonstrating the value of uropods, and pleonal structures in general, for phylogenetic considerations. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.70.e31761 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.70.e31761 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31761/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31761/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.71.e31762 2013-06-28 arthropod-systematics

The morphology of the metendosternite and the anterior abdominal venter in Chrysomelinae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Hübler,Nora Klass,Klaus Chrysomelinae Galerucinae abdomen thorax metendosternite furca sternite character morphology phylogeny. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 71(1): 3-41 The skeletal parts of the metendosternite and of the anteromedian part of the abdominal venter are studied in 39 species of Chrysomelinae (representing tribes Timarchini and Chrysomelini, and 10 of the 12 subtribes of Chrysomelini) and 4 species from Galerucinae, Criocerinae, and Cassidinae. The morphology of these body parts in Chrysomelinae is compared with other cucujiform beetles based on the literature, with a focus on a tenebrionid. The morphology of the metendosternite evidently includes much homoplasy across Cucujiformia including Chrysomelidae, whereby conclusions on the polarity of characters are very limited. The (fairly poor) phylogenetic evidence from the chrysomeline metendosternite is discussed including reflection of the current classification, of the only large-scale molecular-based phylogenetic study of Chrysomelinae, and of phylogenetic evidence from glands and their secretions. Chrysomelinae consistently have a very short metendosternal stalk, the anterior tendon originates far laterally from the furcal arm, and the anterior lamina is limited to the furcal arm or entirely absent (i.e. always absent in the median part of the metendosternite). These features appear as apomorphic compared to the examined Galerucinae, Criocerinae, and Cassidinae and suggest the exclusion of Galerucinae from Chrysomelinae (contra molecularbased results). Metendosternal characters suggest Phratora to belong to Chrysomelina, and Zygogramma and Cosmogramma to be close to Chrysolinina rather than Doryphorina; both is in accord with results derived from DNA sequences and from gland secretions. The two Chrysomelinae genera with reduced hind wings (Timarcha, Crosita) show simplifications in the metendosternite. It is suggested that somecharacters may depend on the age of the adults, the development of abdominal hemi-sternites I being one such character. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.71.e31762 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.71.e31762 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31762/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31762/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.71.e31765 2013-06-28 arthropod-systematics

Phylogeny of the Saxifraga-associated species of Dichotrachelus (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with remarks on their radiation in the Alps Meregalli,Massimo Menardo,Fabrizio Klass,Klaus Cervalla,Piero Alpine speciation ecological niche-shift Cyclominae Dichotrachelus glacial refugia COI sequences phylogeography taxonomy Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 71(1): 43-68 A phylogenetic analysis of the Saxifraga-associated species of Dichotrachelus was carried out based on morphological and, for some species, molecular data. The various methods implemented gave congruent results and yielded a significantly supported phylogenetic inference of the relationships among the species. Saxifraga-associated species form a monophyletic unit, and some species-groups were evidenced, distributed in the eastern, central and western Alps, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic inference, and taking into account palaeogeological and palaeogeographical information, a biogeographic scenario of the events that may have led to the present-day distribution is proposed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.71.e31765 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.71.e31765 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31765/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31765/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.71.e31766 2013-11-08 arthropod-systematics

The correct authorship of the taxon name "Arthropoda" Hegna,Thomas Legg,David Møller,Ole Roy,Peter Lerosey-Aubril,Rudy Arthropoda Condylipoda taxonomy Latreille von Siebold Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 71(2): 71-74 The taxon Arthropoda has been repeatedly cited with various incorrect authorship data. Here, we review the primary literature and show the correct citation to be ‘Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848’. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.71.e31766 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.71.e31766 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31766/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31766/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.71.e31767 2013-11-08 arthropod-systematics

Phylogenetic placement of North American subterranean diving beetles (Insecta: Coleopera: Dytiscidae) Miller,Kelly Jean,April Alarie,Yves Hardy,Nate Gibson,Randy Subterranean stygobitic aquifer phylogeny water beetles Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 71(2): 75-90 A phylogenetic analysis of Hydroporinae (Coleoptera; Dytiscidae) is conducted with emphasis on placement of the North American subterranean diving beetles Psychopomporus felipi Jean, Telles & Miller, Ereboporus naturaconservatus Miller, Gibson & Alarie, and Haedeoporus texanus Young & Longley. Analyses include 49 species of Hydroporinae, representing each currently recognized tribe except Carabhydrini Watts. Data include 21 characters from adult morphology and sequences from seven genes, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, cytochrome c oxidase I, cytrochrome c oxidase II, histone III, elongation factor Iα, and wingless. The combined data were analyzed using parsimony and mixed-model Bayesian tree estimation, and the combined molecular data were analyzed using maximum likelihood. Less inclusive branches (genera, genus-groups, and tribes) are well-supported under each criterion, but relationships among tribes are not. These branches are short, poorly supported and in conflict among the estimation methods. Because of certain anomalous relationships in the parsimony and likelihood results, and greater consistency of the Bayesian results with morphological data, this is our preferred phylogenetic estimate. Haedeoporus Young & Longley is related to Neoporus Guignot, Heterosternuta Guignot, and other members of the Hydroporus-group of genera of Hydroporini sensu lato. Psychopomporus Jean, Telles & Miller and Ereboporus Miller, Gibson & Alarie are nested within the Graptodytes-group of genera of Hydroporini sensu lato, and are the only North American members of this otherwise Mediterranean group. Congruent results between optimality criteria indicate that Hydroporini sensu lato is conspicuously non-monophyletic. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.71.e31767 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.71.e31767 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31767/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31767/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.71.e31769 2013-11-08 arthropod-systematics

The adult head of Axymyia furcata (Insecta: Diptera: Axymyiidae) Schneeberg,Katharina Krause,Katrin Beutel,Rolf Axymyiidae Diptera morphology head phylogeny position Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 71(2): 91-102 The external and internal cephalic morphology of males and females of Axymyia furcata is described and illustrated in detail. The documented features are compared with those of potentially related groups. Axymyia displays a number of apomorphic features of the adult head, like the subdivision of the compound eyes, the absence of several mucles (M. clypeolabralis, M. stipitopalpalis externus, M. palpopalpalis maxillae primus, Mm. palpopalpalis maxillae primus and secundus), the absence of both maxillary endites, and the loss of the salivary pump musculature (M. hypopharyngosalivarialis). Another apomorphic character is the origin of M. tentorioscapalis anterior on the head capsule. Some features are plesiomorphic and probably belong to the groundplan of Diptera: the orthognathous head, three ocelli, 5-segmented maxillary palps, 2-segmented labial palps transformed into medially fused labella, one premental retractor, a dense vestiture of microtrichia on all exposed parts of the head except the labrum, and the presence of an epipharyngeal food channel. The systematic position of Axymyiidae is discussed. Our findings do not provide support for the phylogenetic position of Axymyiidae. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.71.e31769 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.71.e31769 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31769/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31769/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.71.e31770 2013-11-08 arthropod-systematics

The head morphology of the potentially basal heteropteran lineages Enicocephalomorpha and Dipsocoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Spangenberg,Rico Friedemann,Katrin Weirauch,Christiane Beutel,Rolf Systelloderes Cryptostemma Gerris musculature nervous system alimentary system phylogeny anatomy. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 71(2): 103-136 The systematic positions of Enicocephalomorpha and Dipsocoromorpha are still controversial and the available morphological information is very fragmentary. Consequently, head structures of Cryptostemma (Dipsocoromorpha: Dipsocoridae) and Systelloderes (Enicocephalomorpha: Enicocephalidae) were investigated in detail using SEM, serial sectioning and computer-based 3D-reconstruction. The observed features were compared to putatively homologous structures in Nepomorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Cimicomorpha, and Pentatomomorpha. A cladistic analysis based on 71 cephalic characters scored for 16 heteropteran terminals and outgroup taxa resulted in a strict consensus of two minimum length trees. The monophyly of Heteroptera is strongly supported. However, in the present study, the branching pattern within the group is not compatible with recent hypotheses (e.g., Nepomorpha paraphyletic herein). Characters of the head alone are not sufficient to reconstruct the basal branching events in Heteroptera. This is arguably due to homoplasy related to similar feeding habits. Consequently, we evaluated the cephalic characters based on previously published cladograms. A hypothesis with Enicocephalomorpha as the sister group of the remaining Heteroptera (Euheteroptera), followed by Dipsocoromorpha, required the lowest number of steps. Euheteroptera are supported by the presence of distinct bucculae, and Neoheteroptera (Euheteroptera excl. Dipsocoromorpha) by the presence of paired postoccipital condyles and distinctly bi-lobed principal salivary glands. A conspicuous autapomorphy of Enicocephalomorpha is the distinct constriction of the head capsule posterad of the compound eyes and probably also the elongation of the head and the presence of “scapus sclerites”. Dipsocoromorpha differ strongly form Enicocephalomorpha in their head morphology. Convincing cephalic autapomorphies are lacking. Gerromorpha are characterized by cephalic trichobothria originating in a deep pit and by a quadrangular mandibular lever. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.71.e31770 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.71.e31770 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31770/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31770/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.71.e31774 2013-12-13 arthropod-systematics

Another species of European Ectobiinae travelling north - the new genus Planuncus and its relatives (Insecta: Blattodea: Ectobiinae) Bohn,Horst Beccaloni,George Pfeifer,Manfred Planuncus Margundatus Margintorus Capraiellus Blattodea Ectobiinae new genus new subgenus new species phylogeny areal expansion. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 71(3): 139-168 A new genus of Ectobiinae is described, Planuncus with the three new subgenera, Planuncus, Margundatus and Margintorus, containing species formerly belonging to the genera Phyllodromica (second subg.) and Ectobius (other subg.). New combinations: Pl. (Pl.) tingitanus (Bolívar, 1914), Pl. (Pl.) finoti (Chopard, 1943), Pl. (Pl.) vinzi (Maurel, 2012); Pl. (Margundatus) baeticus (Bolívar, 1884), Pl. (Margundatus) agenjoi (Harz, 1971), Pl. (Margundatus) erythrurus (Bohn, 1992), Pl. (Margundatus) intermedius (Bohn, 1992), Pl. (Margundatus) krausei (Bohn, 1992), Pl. (Margundatus) maculosus (Bohn, 1992), Pl. (Margundatus) paludicolus (Bohn, 1992), Pl. (Margundatus) princisi (Fernandes, 1962), Pl. (Margundatus) striolatus (Bohn, 1992); Pl. (Margintorus) nicaeensis (Brisout de Barneville, 1852). A new Ectobius species from Morocco is described: E. hipposiderus. The new genus and its subgenera are compared with the Ectobiinae genus Capraiellus and the newly described E. hipposiderus. The morphological phylogenetic analysis suggests the following relationships: E. hipposiderus + (Capraiellus + (Margintorus + (Margundatus + Planuncus))). The appearence of a new cockroach species belonging to the subgenus Planuncus in Germany and Great Britain is reported; the hitherto known distribution of the subgenus encompasses Algeria, Morocco, southern Spain, and France. Species affiliation and provenance of the immigrant remain doubtful due to difficulties to separate the three known species. The possible reasons for the recent areal expansion of the species are discussed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.71.e31774 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.71.e31774 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31774/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31774/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.71.e31776 2013-12-13 arthropod-systematics

Trichogramma canariensis (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) a parasitoid of eggs of the twin-spot moth Chrysodeixis chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Canary Islands Pino,Modesto Hernández-Suárez,Estrella Cabello,Tomas Rugman-Jones,Paul Stouthamer,Richard Polaszek,Andrew Chalcidoidea egg parasitoid taxonomy ITS2 COI biocontrol. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 71(3): 169-179 A new species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitizing eggs of the golden twin-spot moth (or tomato looper) Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on banana crops in the Canary Islands, Spain, is described as Trichogramma canariensis del Pino & Polaszek, sp.n. The new species is closely related to T. brassicae Bezdenko. Limited aspects of morphology, coupled with ITS2 and COI sequences and reproductive data are presented to distinguish T. canariensis sp.n. from T. brassicae. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.71.e31776 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.71.e31776 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31776/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31776/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.71.e31777 2013-12-13 arthropod-systematics

Review of the Neotropical Ciidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Cis taurus species-group Oliveira,Ester Lopes-Andrade,Cristiano Lawrence,John Polyphaga Tenebrionoidea Ciini male abdominal terminalia minute tree-fungus beetles. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 71(3): 181-210 The described Neotropical species of Cis Latreille, 1796 belonging to the taurus group are revised here. We designate lectotypes for the following names: Malacocis bahiensis Pic, 1916, Macrocis bison Reitter, 1878, Macrocis diabolicus Reitter, 1878, Macrocis grandicornis Pic, 1917, Macrocis rufescens Pic, 1922, Macrocis testaceimembris Pic, 1916, Macrocis testaceus Pic, 1916 and Trichapus pubescens Friedenreich, 1881. We transfer T. pubescens to Cis and include it in the taurus species-group, synonymize Trichapus Friedenreich, 1881 with Cis and transfer T. glaber Friedenreich, 1881 to Porculus Lawrence, 1987. We include C. longipilis Pic, 1930 in the taurus group and propose Macrocis bison as a junior synonym of C. diabolicus (Reitter, 1878). We redescribe eight Neotropical species: C. bahiensis (Pic, 1916), C. diabolicus (Reitter, 1878), C. grandicornis (Pic, 1917), C. kawanabei Lopes-Andrade, 2002, C. pubescens (Friedenreich, 1881) new combination, C. rufescens (Pic, 1922), C. setifer (Gorham, 1883) and C. testaceimembris (Pic, 1916). We also provide information on their geographic distribution and host fungi. This work solves the major taxonomic problems with the described taurus group species and also provides detailed morphological information on them, including that of male abdominal terminalia, allowing accurate identification of these species. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.71.e31777 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.71.e31777 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31777/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31777/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.72.e31778 2014-04-08 arthropod-systematics

Peripatric origin of the only cave-restricted stonefly species known (Insecta: Plecoptera) Ruiz-Ruano,Francisco Camacho,Juan Pedro M. Cabrero,Josefa López-Rodríguez,Manuel Tierno de Figueroa,J. Manuel Glaciations mtDNA peripatric Plecoptera Protonemura gevi speciation. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72(1): 3-10 Cave animals have evolved specialised morphological and behavioural adaptations to a dark and stable environment. When their ancestors were surface species living in continental climates, and thus adapted to annual changes from extreme cold to extreme warm periods; it is highly intriguing how adaptation to cave stable temperature took place. The phylogenetic history of the cave animal can thus help to understand the kind of adaptation process undergone in such a different environment. Here we perform a mitochondrial DNA-based phylogeny for the only Palearctic cave-restricted plecopteran species (Protonemura gevi), whose geographic range is limited to a single cave in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, also including four other Iberian and Moroccan Protonemura species and two other species from different genera as outgroup taxa. Our results indicate that P. gevi shows a genetic distance with P. culmenis being an order of magnitude lower than those with the remaining Protonemura species. Using a relaxed molecular clock, phylogeny dating suggests that their common ancestor probably lived 1.4 million years ago, i.e. during Pleistocene. P. culmenis currently lives in the Pyrenees, so that it is conceivable that this species (or the common ancestor of both) migrated to a southern refuge during one of Pleistocene glaciations, and a few individuals remained isolated within the Siles cave managing to live in such new and different environmental conditions. We thus conclude that the peripatric origin of P. gevi was associated with Pleistocene glaciations, and that its adaptation to cave conditions was quite rapid. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2014 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31778 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.72.e31778 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31778/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31778/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.72.e31779 2014-04-08 arthropod-systematics

Mating and genital coupling in the primitive earwig species Echinosoma denticulatum (Pygidicranidae): implications for genital evolution in dermapteran phylogeny Kamimura,Yoshitaka Lee,Chow-Yang Evolution of laterally paired structures dermapteran phylogeny Pygidicranidae genital evolution mating behavior insemination process traumatic mating Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72(1): 11-21 Dermaptera (earwigs) shows much diversity in the genital structures, the presence of either one or two male intromittent organs (penes) being one striking aspect. The members of several groups (Karschiellidae, Eudermaptera, Arixeniina, and Hemimerina) possess a single functional penis, while others have a pair of penes. The latter condition is considered to be plesiomorphic in Dermaptera. Despite its importance for inferring the phylogeny of Dermaptera, it is presently unclear how the ancestor of earwigs acquired paired penes. To estimate the mode of mating and sperm transfer in the common ancestor of extant earwigs, this study examines the mating behavior and genital coupling of the primitive earwig species Echinosoma denticulatum Hincks, 1959 as a representative of Pygidicranidae, one of the basal-most assemblages of earwigs. Staged mating experiments, including surgical manipulation of male penes revealed the following characteristics for this species: (1) males use only one of the paired penes for a single genital coupling; (2) both penes are likely functional; (3) there are no consistent biases in usage of the penes; (4) laterality of the penis-use pattern is not related to the direction of rotation of the male abdomen to establish genital coupling; (5) sperm are transferred directly into the spermatheca, a female sperm storage organ; (6) the spined area of the penis inflicts wounds on the vagina around the spermathecal opening, which bears many setae, during copulation. Characteristics (1)–(4) are considered to be plesiomorphic and may represent the condition of the common ancestor. Traumatic penetration during copulation is reported for earwigs for the first time. Together with intermittent acceptance of courting males by females only after a certain interval, these results suggest sexual conflict over mating in this species. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2014 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31779 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.72.e31779 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31779/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31779/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.72.e31784 2014-04-08 arthropod-systematics

Micro-CT studies of amber inclusions reveal internal genitalic features of big-headed flies, enabling a systematic placement of Metanephrocerus Aczél, 1948 (Insecta: Diptera: Pipunculidae) Kehlmaier,Christian Dierick,Manuel Skevington,Jeffrey Diptera Pipunculidae Protonephrocerinae Metanephrocerus fossil Diptera Baltic amber micro-computed tomography palaeoentomology. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72(1): 23-36 The study is based on two Baltic amber inclusions from the middle Eocene, studied by means of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Inner male genitalic features are partly visualised and the specimens described as Metanephrocerus groehni Kehlmaier & Skevington sp.n. and Metanephrocerus hoffeinsorum Kehlmaier & Skevington sp.n. Based on a phenetic comparison of the basic morphological composition of male terminalia on a subfamily level, Metanephrocerus Aczél, 1948 and Protonephrocerus Collin, 1931 are excluded from Nephrocerinae and placed into the new subfamily Protonephrocerinae Aczél, 1948 stat.n. An identification key to the named morphospecies of Metanephrocerus is provided. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2014 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31784 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.72.e31784 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31784/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31784/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.72.e31785 2014-04-08 arthropod-systematics

Subtribal classification of Metriorrhynchini (Insecta: Coleoptera: Lycidae): an integrative approach using molecular phylogeny and morphology of adults and larvae Sklenarova,Katerina Kubecek,Vaclav Bocak,Ladislav Metriorrhynchina Cautirina Metanoeina classification new subtribes new genera new synonyms mtDNA. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72(1): 37-54 The classification of Metriorrhynchini, the most diverse lineage of net-winged beetles (Lycidae) containing ~ 1400 species, is revised on the basis of three-marker molecular phylogeny of 175 ingroup taxa, and the adult and larval morphology. The study uses the molecular phylogeny for identification of major lineages and critically considers morphology when adult morphology and sparse information of immature stages alone did not provide enough information for building a robust classification. Reconstruction of the ancestral states of morphological characters on the phylogenetic tree recovered from DNA data presents evidence for multiple origins of the four-costae pattern on the elytra, shortened elytral costa 1, patterns of pronotal areolae and flabellate antennae. As a consequence, revised morphological delineations of the subtribes and genera are proposed: three major lineages are defined as Metriorrhynchina Kleine, 1926, Metanoeina subtrib. nov. and Cautirina subtrib. nov. The subtribes Trichalina Kleine, 1928 and Hemiconderina Bocak & Bocakova, 1990 are synonymized with Metriorrhynchina Kleine, 1926. Metanoeina are studied in detail and three genera are placed in the subtribe: Metanoeus Waterhouse, 1879, Xylometanoeus gen. nov., and Matsudanoeus gen. nov., with Xylometanoeus japonicus (Bourgeois, 1902) comb. nov. and Matsudanoeus yuasai (Nakane, 1969), comb. nov. as type species, respectively. Xylobanus basivittatus Nakane, 1970 is transferred to Xylometanoeus. The concepts of genera Cautires and Xylobanus are based on male and female genitalia. Additionally, the molecular hypothesis is supported by morphology of larvae, when newly proposed Cautirina are characterized by entire tergites in contrast to the longitudinally divided mesoand metathoracic tergites of Metanoeina and Metriorrhynchina. Larval characters support the placement of Xylometanoeus in Metanoeina and the close relationships of Matsudanoeus and Metanoeus. The simultaneous consideration of DNA-based phylogeny and morphology of adults and larvae rejects taxa based on diagnostically usable but strongly homoplastic characters and provides a framework for a robust classification of Metriorrhynchini. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2014 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31785 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.72.e31785 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31785/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31785/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.72.e31786 2014-04-08 arthropod-systematics

Postembryonic development of the ground louse Zorotypus caudelli Karny (Insecta: Zoraptera: Zorotypidae) Mashimo,Yuta Beutel,Rolf Dallai,Romano Lee,Chow-Yang Machida,Ryuichiro Zoraptera postembryonic development life history nymphal morphology wing dimorphism antennal development. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72(1): 55-71 Based on captive breeding, the postembryonic development of the ground louse Zorotypus caudelli Karny, 1927 (Zoraptera, Zorotypidae) was examined and described in detail. The number of nymphal instars in Z. caudelli is five. During the second molt (2nd to 3rd instar), the number of antennomeres increases from eight to nine by subdivision of the basal flagellomere (meriston). Apterous and winged forms differentiate in the 4th nymphal instar. In the 4th instar of the winged form, small wing pads and small ocular spots appear. In the 5th instar, the wing pads elongate and the ocular spots are widened, and three ocelli are differentiated. Wing dimorphism may be a phenomenon independent of crowding. The two sexes closely resemble each other as in other zorapteran species, and sexual dimorphism does not appear until the final (5th) nymphal instar: in the 5th instar of males, setae increase in number on the 9th and 10 + 11th abdominal terga, and a small posteromedian swelling appears on the 10 + 11th abdominal tergum, the precursor of the mating hook. Key to nymphal instars of Zorotypus caudelli was given. The formation of thoracic pleural sclerites was examined and revaluated. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2014 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31786 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.72.e31786 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31786/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31786/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.72.e31787 2014-07-12 arthropod-systematics

Description of a new species of Glaresidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Jehol Biota of China with a geometric morphometric evaluation Bai,Ming Beutel,Rolf Liu,Wangang Li,Sha Zhang,Mengna Lu,Yuanyuan Song,Keqing Ren,Dong Yang,Xing-Ke Fossil Glaresidae Yixian Formation new species geometric morphometrics.1. IntroductionGlaresidae is a small and uniform family of Scarabaeoideaoccurring on all continents except for Australia andAntarctica. About Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72(3): 223-236 Glaresis tridentata Bai, Beutel & Ren sp. nov. (Scarabaeoidea: Glaresidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning Province, NE China is described and illustrated. A geometric morphometric analysis of three character systems (head, metatibia and aedeagus) was carried out including 136 specimens from 44 species of three genera of extant and extinct Glaresidae. The variation in these features between Glaresis tridentata Bai, Beutel & Ren sp. nov. and the other species was estimated based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA), Discriminant function analysis (DFA) and Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) approaches. The results suggest that Glaresidae, likely the sister group of all other extant Scarabaeoidea, had been established in the Early Cretaceous and contained larger species than today. The assignement of the new species to the genus Glaresis is supported. The validity of the genera Lithoglaresis and Cretoglaresis is questionable. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2014 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31787 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.72.e31787 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31787/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31787/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.72.e31884 2014-07-18 arthropod-systematics

Unravelling the goblin spiders puzzle: rDNA phylogeny of the family Oonopidae (Araneae) De Busschere,Charlotte Fannes,Wouter Henrard,Arnaud Gaublomme,Eva Jocqué,Rudy Baert,Léon 18S 28S Orsolobidae Dysderoidea Trogloraptoridae Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72(2): 2-192 The mega-diverse haplogyne family of goblin spiders (Oonopidae Simon, 1890) has long been among the most poorly known families of spiders. However, since the launch of the goblin spider Planetary Biodiversity Inventory project knowledge about Oonopidae is rapidly expanding. Currently, Oonopidae is placed within the superfamily Dysderoidea and is divided into three subfamilies. Nevertheless, the monophyly and internal phylogeny of this family has not yet been investigated based on DNA sequence data. Hence, this study reports the first phylogeny based on ribosomal sequence data including 37 oonopid genera and representatives of all families within the Dysderoidea. These results suggest that the majority of the oonopid genera constitute a natural group. Moreover, two subfamilies Orchestininae and Sulsulinae and several morphologically defined groups e.g. the Zyngoonops- and Dysderina-groups, were well supported. In contrast, the Pelicinus-, Stenoonops- and Scaphiella-groups were not corroborated. Although most genera represented by more than one specimen were recovered as monophyletic, our study casts doubt on the monophyly of the genus Aschnaoonops Makhan & Ezzatpanah, 2011. Furthermore, the results corroborate that a low degree of body sclerotisation might be considered as a plesiomorphic trait. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2014 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31884 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.72.e31884 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31884/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31884/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.72.e31886 2014-07-18 arthropod-systematics

The morphology of galerucine and alticine larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its phylogenetic implications Hua,Yi Beutel,Rolf Ge,Si-Qin Nie,Rui-E Yang,Xing-Ke Chrysomelidae galerucines alticines larvae morphology feeding phylogeny. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72(2): 75-94 External characters of alticine and galerucine larvae were examined. Larvae with distinctly different feeding habits were described in detail and their external features were illustrated, mainly using SEM. The morphological descriptions and the used nomenclature may be used as a template for future studies on chrysomelid larvae to facilitate the phylogenetic evaluation of morphological characters of immature stages. Features potentially useful for phylogenetic reconstruction were compiled and arranged in a character state matrix. The usefulness of larval characters was critically evaluated. A larval groundplan of the galerucine-alticine lineage was reconstructed. Supported conventional groups are the Galerucinae s.l. (i.e. incl. alticines), the galerucine Luperini, Hylaspini, and Oidini, and the alticine Blepharida-group, placed as sister group of the Oides species. A large monophyletic unit is formed by Altica, the alticine leaf-miners Podagricomela and Argopistes, the alticine root feeders Phygasia and Longitarsus, and the galerucine genera Monolepta, Exosoma and Diabrotica. The phylogenetic results and the effects of different life and feeding habits are discussed. Surface-feeding is ancestral for the galerucine-alticine clade. Leafmining has distinct effects on the morphology. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2014 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31886 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.72.e31886 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31886/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31886/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.72.e31887 2014-07-18 arthropod-systematics

Molecular phylogeny of the leaf beetle subfamily Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the correlated evolution of reproductive organs Matsumura,Yoko Yao,Izumi Beutel,Rolf Yoshizawa,Kazunori Lema Lilioceris Crioceris Neolema Mecoprosopus Oulema flagellum spermatheca Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72(2): 95-110 Phylogenetic relationships among major groups of Criocerinae were reconstructed using molecular data (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and 12S rDNA, and nuclear histone 3). The monophyly of Criocerinae was consistently and robustly supported. The Lema group including Lema, Oulema and Neolema was recovered as a clade, with the latter two genera imbedded within Lema. The Lilioceris group was placed as the sister taxon of the Lema group, and the genus Crioceris was identified as the sister taxon of the Lilioceris + Lema groups. The monophyly and/or validity of Mecoprosopus Chûjô, 1951 and the subgenera Lema, Petauristes Latreille, 1829, Quasilema Monrós, 1960, Microlema Pic, 1932, and Bradyceris Chûjô, 1951 were not confirmed. The monophyly of the subgenus Lema except for the type species L. cyanea was supported by molecular and morphological data, and we termed it the cyanella clade. The present molecular phylogeny was compared with previous concepts with respect to the validity of each genus/subgenus. A revision of several genera is necessary. Based on the phylogenic result, the character evolution of the reproductive organs was analyzed. The ancestral states of this character system were parsimoniously reconstructed. Various shapes of the spermatheca were observed in the subfamily. A convoluted spermatheca evolved once, and reversals to the ancestral state took place several times independently. An elongation of a part of the intromittent organ also occurred several times independently. The length of the male and female reproductive ducts, which are in physical contact during copulation, showed a tight positive correlation even after removing phylogenetic effects. This strongly suggests coevolution between the male and female genital length. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2014 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31887 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.72.e31887 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31887/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31887/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/asp.72.e31890 2014-07-18 arthropod-systematics

Head anatomy of adult Nevrorthus apatelios and basal splitting events in Neuroptera (Neuroptera: Nevrorthidae) Randolf,Susanne Zimmermann,Dominique Aspöck,Ulrike Head anatomy cladistic analysis phylogeny M. stipitalis transversalis (0mx11) submental gland Partitioned Bremer Support cryptonephry. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 72(2): 111-136 External and internal features of the head of adult Nevrorthus apatelios are described in detail. The results are compared with data from literature. The mouthpart muscle M. stipitalis transversalis and a hypopharyngeal transverse ligament are newly described for Neuroptera and herewith reported for the first time in Endopterygota. A submental gland with multiporous opening is described for Nevrorthidae and Osmylidae and is apparently unique among insects. The parsimony analysis indicates that Sisyridae is the sister group to all remaining Neuroptera. This placement is supported by the development of 1) a transverse division of the galea in two parts in all Neuroptera excluding Sisyridae, 2) the above mentioned submental gland in Nevrorthidae and Osmylidae, and 3) a poison system in all neuropteran larvae except Sisyridae. Implications for the phylogenetic relationships from the interpretation of larval character evolution, specifically the poison system, cryptonephry and formation of the head capsule are discussed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1864-8312 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1863-7221 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2014 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/asp.72.e31890 https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.72.e31890 https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31890/ https://arthropod-systematics.arphahub.com/article/31890/download/pdf/ en cGFnZT0xJnNldD1hcnRocm9wb2Qtc3lzdGVtYXRpY3MmZnJvbT0mdW50aWw9Jm1ldGFkYXRhX3ByZWZpeD1vYWlfZGM=