Research Article |
Corresponding author: Zi-Wei Yin ( pselaphinae@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Martin Fikácek
© 2022 Zi-Wei Yin, Erik Tihelka, Jesus Lozano-Fernandez, Chen-Yang Cai.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Yin Z-W, Tihelka E, Lozano-Fernandez J, Cai C-Y (2022) The first fossil Hybocephalini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from the middle Eocene of Europe and its evolutionary and biogeographic implications. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 80: 279-294. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.80.e82644
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The extant tropical tribe Hybocephalini is a morphologically highly derived group of the subfamily Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), which is characterized most notably by the modified squamous setae that cover various parts of the body. Ten genera and 69 extant species have been found in the Afrotropical and Oriental regions, with one species found in northern Australia. Prior to this study the evolutionary history of the tribe has been remained elusive due to the dearth of known fossils. Here, we describe the first fossil representative of Hybocephalini, Europharinodes schaufussi Yin & Cai gen. et sp. nov., based on an adult male preserved in Baltic amber (ca 45.0–38.0 Ma). Using X-ray microtomography, the anatomy including the endoskeletal structures of the head, the full pattern of foveation, and the aedeagus of the beetle were reconstructed. Europharinodes shares most derived traits that are congruent with extant members of Hybocephalini, but it also possesses plesiomorphic and autapomorphic characters unknown in living relatives. In order to constrain the phylogenetic placement of Europharinodes, we created an updated morphological character matrix to explore relationships among this genus and related groups. A monophyletic Hybocephalini was recovered by maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses, with Europharinodes being well-resolved as sister to all modern relatives in the likelihood tree. The fossil thus sheds new light on the morphological evolution of Hybocephalini and suggests a broader palaeodistribution of the tribe during the middle Eocene. The disjunct distribution of an Eocene Baltic amber species and an extant Afrotropical-Oriental distribution of the tribe is probably relictual, and was shaped by global cooling during the Eocene–Oligocene transition.
Beetles, 3-D reconstruction, Baltic amber, biogeography, Cenozoic climate cooling, Europharinodes schaufussi, phylogeny, plesiomorphic characters
Comprising more than 64,000 extant and 400 extinct species, the Staphylinidae (rove beetles) stands for the most species-rich family in the whole animal kingdom, surpassing Curculionidae (true weevils) (
Six supertribes of Pselaphinae have been recognized and are applied to current taxonomic practice (
The tribe Hybocephalini is a morphologically highly derived group of the supertribe Pselaphitae, characterized most remarkably by the presence of squamous setae that cover various parts of the body, combined with its dorsoventrally convex body, and greatly transverse antennomeres (
The Baltic amber (Figs
Photographs under incident light were taken using a Canon 5D Mark III camera equipped with a Canon MP-E 65 mm macro lens (Figs
To test the phylogenetic position of the new fossil taxon within Pselaphinae, we incorporated the new material into previously published datasets (
Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was performed using IQ-TREE v. 2.1.3 (
To test the placement of the new fossil taxon with Pselaphinae, both maximum likelihood and parsimony, as well as Bayesian analyses were performed based on the morphological dataset. In maximum likelihood analysis (Fig.
Family Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802
Subfamily Pselaphinae Latreille, 1802
Tribe Hybocephalini Raffray, 1890
Europharinodes schaufussi sp. nov.
Most of body covered with squamous setae; body generally compact; head, pronotum and femora coarsely punctate. Head roundly-triangular, with short and narrow frontal rostrum; large vertexal and frontal foveae present; antennal insertions close, antennomeres slightly elongate to sub-moniliform, clubs formed by apical three enlarged antennomeres; lacking ocular-mandibular carinae; clypeus sharply sloping, anterior margin carinate and rounded, lateral margins straight to eyes; maxillary palpi small, four-segmented, with short apical palpal cone. Pronotum with median and lateral antebasal foveae obscured by squamous setae; with antero-hypomeral foveae, lacking hypomeral carinae. Elytra each with two large basal foveae and two distinct discal striae. Each tarsus plesiomorphically with two subequal claws. Abdomen with tergite 1 (IV) slightly longer than 2 (V), tergites 1–4 (IV–VII) broadly sulcate at bases; paratergites moderately broad and laterally protruding. Aedeagus symmetrical, basal capsule enlarged, paired parameres elongate.
Habitus (Figs
Amber piece (A) containing Europharinodes schaufussi gen. et sp. nov., holotype, SNUC-Paleo-0102, and its morphological details (B–G) of (A, B, G: under incident light; C–F: X-ray microtomographic reconstruction). A Original amber piece containing the holotype before cutting and polishing. B, C Left lateral habitus. D Right lateral habitus. E Head in lateral view, show tentorial arms and pharynx. F Right antennal club. G Pro- and metatarsus and respective pretarsal claws. Abbreviations: aed, aedeagus; hw, hind wing; ph, pharynx; ta, tentorial arm. Scale bars: 0.5 mm in B–D, 0.2 mm in E, F.
Morphology of Europharinodes schaufussi gen. et sp. nov., holotype, SNUC-Paleo-0102 (A, C, D, I: under incident light; B, E–H: X-ray microtomographic reconstruction). A, B Dorsal habitus. C Left half of pronotum, showing squamous setae. D Lateral portion of the abdominal base, showing squamous setae. E Head dorsum. F Head venter. G Head, in antero-lateral view. H, I Left maxillary palpus. Abbreviations: ce, compound eye; cl, clypeus; ff, frontal fovea; gf, gular fovea; la, labrum; ma, mandible; p2–4, maxillary palpomere 2–4; vf, vertexal fovea. Scale bars: 0.5 mm in A, B, 0.2 mm in E–I.
Pronotum (Fig.
X-ray microtomographic reconstruction of Europharinodes schaufussi gen. et sp. nov., holotype, SNUC-Paleo-0102. A–C: prothorax, dorsal (A), lateral (B) and ventral (C). D Right elytron. E, F Meso- and metathorax, ventral (E) and lateral (F). G–I Abdomen, dorsal (G), lateral (H) and ventral (I). Abbreviations: ahf, antero-hypomeral fovea; bef, basal elytral fovea; blf, basal lateral fovea; ds, discal stria; laf, lateral antebasal fovea; lmcf, lateral metaventral fovea; lpcf, lateral procoxal fovea; maf, median antebasal fovea; mmsf, median mesoventral fovea; mc, marginal carina; mmtf, median metaventral fovea; mn, median nodule; ms, median split; pt1–3, paratergite 1–3; s2–6, sternite 2–6 (IV–VIII); t1–5, tergite 1–5 (IV–VIII). Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Elytra broadly truncate at bases, each elytron with two large basal foveae (Fig.
Mesoventrite with median foveae (Fig.
Legs (Fig.
Morphology of Europharinodes schaufussi gen. et sp. nov., holotype, SNUC-Paleo-0102 (A–H: X-ray microtomographic reconstruction; I–K: schematic). A Right foreleg. B Right middle leg. C Left hindleg. D–F, I–K Aedeagus, dorsal (D, I), lateral (E, J) and ventral (F, K). G, H endophallus, dorsal (G) and lateral (H). Abbreviations: bc, basal capsule; bp, basoventral projection; dd, dorsal diaphragm; en, endophallus; ml, median lobe; pa, paramere. Scale bars: 0.3 mm in A–C; 0.1 mm in D–K.
Abdomen constricted at base, with dense squamous setae (Fig.
Males have modified sternites 4 and 5 (VI and VII). Aedeagus (Fig.
The new generic name is a combination of Latin ‘Eurōpa (Europe)’ and genus Apharinodes, referring to the origin of the fossil in Baltic amber and its affinity with Apharinodes. The gender is feminine.
Holotype (#SNUC-Paleo-0102), deposited in SNUC; a complete, well-preserved male in a 11.6 mm × 7.1 mm × 7.0 mm transparent yellow amber piece, without syninclusions; two surfaces regarding beetle’s lateral and dorsal aspect were cut and polished for observation and photography.
Amber mined from the open-pit mine in Yantarny (Fig.
As for the genus (vide supra), plus the following: body length approximately 2.1 mm; male antennae lacking modifications; sternites 4 and 5 each with a nodule at middle; aedeagus relatively stout, with short basoventral projection, median lobe with large basal capsule and dorsal diaphragm, sclerotized endophallus present, parameres elongate, each with two long setae at the apex.
Male. Body (Figs
Prothorax with dense squamous setae (Fig.
Elytra (Fig.
Mesoventrite short, well-demarcated from metaventrite; median mesoventral foveae (Fig.
Legs moderately elongate, lacking modification; mesotrochanter elongate; all femora coarsely punctate; tarsi with short tarsomeres 1 and long tarsomeres 2 and 3, with 3 slightly longer than 2; each tarsus with two sub-equal pretarsal claws (Fig.
Abdomen widest at lateral margins of paratergite 1 (IV), length 0.64 mm, width 0.66 mm; whole surface covered with broad squamous setae. Tergite 1 (IV) slightly longer than 2 (V), deeply and broadly sulcate at base, at least with one pair of basolateral foveae, lacking discal carina; tergite 2–4 (IV–VII) subequal in length along midline, each distinctly sulcate at base and with one pair of basolateral foveae (Fig.
Aedeagus (Fig.
Female. Unknown.
The new species is named after the German naturalist Ludwig W. Schaufuss (1833–
A monophyletic clade comprising the supertribes Pselaphitae and Clavigeritae was recovered in all analyses, with strong to moderate support (bootstrap value in ML tree = 100; pp value in MB tree = 1; bootstrap value in MP tree = 40) (Fig.
Aside from the results inferred from phylogenetic analyses, the position of Europharinodes was indicated also by the fossil’s unique combination of morphological traits. Within Pselaphinae the presence of squamous setae covering various parts of the body is a distinctive character state occurring in several tribes belonging to the supertribe Pselaphitae: Hybocephalini, Arhytodini, Ctenistini, Odontalgini, and Pselaphini. Europharinodes can be quickly ruled out from the latter three tribes by the small, reduced maxillary palpi that are only partially visible from the dorsal side. The members of Ctenistini often have maxillary palpomeres greatly extended laterally and with a distinct pencil-like apical projection (e.g.,
Although the general morphology of Europharinodes is largely congruent with modern Hybocephalini (for tribal diagnosis see
For the first time, the endoskeletal structure of the head of a fossil Pselaphinae was partially reconstructed thanks to the application of X-ray microtomography technology. The tentorium (Fig.
Different theories explaining the seemingly contradictory co-existence of thermophilic and temperate insect lineages in Baltic amber (
The original micro-CT data are available from the Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6058375).
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
We are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers who provided critical comments on an earlier version of the manuscript, which improved the paper. We are thankful to Su-Ping Wu for technical help with micro-CT reconstruction. Financial support was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31872965), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research project (grant no. 2019QZKK0706), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant nos. XDB26000000 and XDB18000000) and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (grant no. 19QA1406600).
Characters and character states
Data type: .docx
Explanation note: List of morphological characters and character states used in phylogenetic analyses (adapted from
Morphological dataset
Data type: .nex
Explanation note: Morphological dataset used for the analyses.
Results of the maximum parsimony analyses
Data type: .tif
Explanation note: Fifty percent majority-rule consensus cladogram of 4400 most parsimonious trees obtained by the ‘Traditional search’ analysis of a data matrix of unordered adult morphological characters under implied weighting (K = 3; tree length = 173; consistency index = 0.34; retention index = 0.82), showing placement of Europharinodes schaufussi gen. & sp. n. Standard Bootstrap (≥ 50) are shown below branches. Unambiguously optimized character changes are plotted along internodes. Black circles indicate unique character changes; white circles indicate parallelisms or reversals; character numbers and states are shown above and below circles, respectively.